Tujia nationality baishou dance 土家族摆手舞

时间：2006年
Time: 2006
类别：民间舞蹈
Category: Folk dance
地区：湖南
Region: Hunan province
编号：Ⅲ-17
Ref. No.: Ⅲ-17
申报地区或单位：湖南省湘西土家族苗族自治州
Nominating unit[s]: Xiangxi Tujia-Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan province
湘西土家族摆手舞是最具土家族民族特色、最能反映土家族古老风俗的民间舞蹈，现主要流传于湖南湘西龙山、保靖、永顺等地。一般在农历正月初三至正月十五夜间表演。摆手舞产生于土家族古老的祭祖仪式中，据清代八部大王庙残碑和县志记载推测，摆手舞已有近千年历史。
The Tujia nationality baishou dance in Xiangxi, Hunan province best reflects the ethnic flavor and ancient customs of the Tujia nationality. It is popular in Longshan county, Baojing county and Yongshun county, Xiangxi Tujia-Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan province. The dance is usually performed from the third to the fifteenth day of the first lunar month. It originates from an ancestor worship ceremony and dates back nearly 1,000 years ago, according to the broken stele in the Temple of Eight Clan Leaders (Qing Dynasty) and the county annals.
湘西土家族摆手舞集歌、舞、乐、剧于一体，表现开天辟地、人类繁衍、民族迁徙、狩猎捕鱼、桑蚕绩织、刀耕火种、古代战事、神话传说、饮食起居等广泛而丰富的历史和社会生活内容。其舞蹈内容以上述仪式程序结构而成。土家族摆手舞舞姿大方粗犷，有单摆、双摆、回旋摆、边摆边跳等动作。舞蹈场地一般在坪坝上。舞蹈分为大摆手和小摆手，大摆手祭祀族群众始祖，规模浩大，舞者逾千，观者过万；小摆手主要祭祀本姓祖先，规模较小。其音乐包括声乐伴唱和器乐伴奏两部分，声乐主要有起腔歌和摆手歌，乐器主要是鼓和锣，曲目往往根据舞蹈的内容及动作而一曲多变。摆手舞的动作特点是顺拐、屈膝、颤动、下沉，表现风格雄健有力、自由豪迈。
The Tujia nationality baishou dance integrates singing, dancing, music and opera elements. It presents numerous topics concerning history and human existence, including the creation of the world, human reproduction, migration, hunting & fishing, sericulture & weaving, slash-and-burn cultivation, ancient stories, myths and legends, and daily life. The dance uses ritual gestures. Dancers' movements and postures are powerful and aesthetic. They wave one hand, wave two hands, wave hand(s) when circling around, or wave hand(s) with foot movements. The dance, usually performed on level ground, can be classified into grand baishou and small-scale baishou. The grand baishou is performed by over 1,000 dancers when offering sacrifices to Tujia ancestors and is watched by over 10,000 spectators; the small-scale baishou is performed on a small scale when offering sacrifices to ancestors with the same family name.
The music of the dance incorporates vocal accompaniment (starting song and baishou song) and musical accompaniment (drum and gong). The song changes flexibly according to the content and movements of the dance. Dancers' movements and postures indicate power and freedom and feature turning, bending knees, shaking, and lowering the body.
土家族摆手舞对研究土家族历史、战争、宗教、迁徙、生产、生活、爱情、民俗等都有十分重要的价值，其中反映的战争内容体现了土家先民英勇善战、不怕牺牲的民族精神。同时，摆手舞再现了土家族农耕生活的全过程，反映了土家族人民热爱劳动、不畏艰险、热爱生活、顽强生存的乐观主义精神，是了解和研究土家文化的重要材料。
The dance is valuable for studying the history, war, religion, migration, farming, life, courtship and folk customs of the Tujia nationality. It reflects the bravery and skill in battle of the Tujia people's ancestors and their fearlessness in the face of death. In addition, the dance also presents the whole process of farming and the daily life of Tujia nationality; and reflects their hardworking nature, strength in the face of adversity, life passion, and optimistic spirit in the struggle for survival. It is an important means to know and study the Tujia culture.
相关传承人：
Inheritor(s):
田仁信 张明光 田景仁
Tian Renxin, Zhang Mingguang, and Tian Jingren