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Current Location: Homepage » Chinese Culture » Chinese Literature » Main Body

The Faithless Man 氓

Time:2016-09-23Source:Internet
Profile:The Faithless Man
(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
A man seemed free from guile,
In trade he wore a smile,
He'd barter cloth for thread;
No, to me he'd be wed.
We went across the ford;
I'd not give him my word.
I said by hillside green,
"You have no go-between.
Try to find one, I pray.
In autumn be the day!"

I climbed the wall to wait
To see him pass the gate.
I did not see him pass;
My tears streamed down, alas!
I saw him passing by,
I'd laugh with joy and cry.
Both reed and tortoise shell.
Foretold all would be well.
"Come with your cart," I said.
"To you I will be wed."

How fresh were mulberries
With their fruits on the trees!
Beware, O turtledove,
Eat not the fruits you love,
For they'll intoxicate.
Do not repent too late!
Man may do what they will,
He can atone it still.
The wrong a woman's done
No man will e'er condone.

The mulberries appear
With yellow leaves and sear.
E'er since he married me,
I've shared his poverty.
Desert'd, from him I part,
The flood has wet my cart.
I have done nothing wrong;
He changes all along.
He's fickle to excess,
Capricious, pitiless.

Three years I was his wife
And led a toilsome life.
Each day I early rose,
And late I sought repose.
He thought it not enough
And began to become rough
My brothers did not know,
Their jeers at me would go.
Mutely I ruminate
And then deplore my fate.

I'd live with him in vain;
I had cause to complain.
I love the ford of yore
And the wide rivershore.
When we were girl and boy,
We'd talk and laugh with joy.
He pledged to me his troth
Could he forget his oath?
He's forgot what he swore.
Should I say any more?


氓之蚩蚩,抱布贸丝。
匪来贸丝,来即我谋。
送子涉淇,至于顿丘。
匪我愆期,子无良媒。
将子无怒,秋以为期。
乘彼危垣,以望复关。
不见复关,泣涕涟涟。
既见复关,载笑载言。
尔卜尔筮,体无咎言。
以尔车来,以我贿迁。
桑之未落,其叶沃若。
于嗟鸠兮,无食桑葚;
于嗟女兮,无与士耽。
士之耽兮,犹可说也;
女之耽兮,不可说也。其黄而陨。

自我徂尔,三岁食贫。
淇水汤汤,渐车帷裳。
女也不爽,士贰其行。
士也罔极,二三其德。

三岁为妇,靡室劳矣;
夙兴夜寐,靡有朝矣。
言既遂矣,至于暴矣。
兄弟不知,讥其笑矣。
静言思之,躬自悼矣。

及尔偕老,老使我怨。
淇则有岸,隰则有泮。
总角之宴,言笑晏晏。
信誓旦旦,不思其反。
反是不思,亦已焉哉!
 
【注释】一个勤劳善良的妇女,哀诉她被遗弃的不幸遭遇。  
氓:民,男子。 
蚩蚩:老实的样子。一说无知貌,一说戏笑貌。
布:货币。一说布匹,非。
即:靠近。 
谋:商量。
淇:淇水。
顿丘:地名。   
愆(音千):过,误。   
将(音qiang1枪):愿,请。
垝垣(音鬼员):破颓的墙。 
复关:诗中男子的住地。一说返回关来。  
载:语助词。   
卜:用龟甲卜吉凶。 
筮(音诗):用蓍草占吉凶。 
体:卜卦之体。 咎言:凶,不吉之言。   
贿:财物,嫁妆。
沃若:象水浸润过一样有光泽。   
于嗟:吁嗟。 
鸠:斑鸠。传说斑鸠吃桑葚过多会醉。   
耽(音沉):迷恋,沉湎于爱情。   
说:音义与“脱”通。
陨:坠落。   
徂(音cu2)尔:往你家,嫁与你。 
食贫:过贫苦生活。   
汤汤(shang1):水势盛大貌。 
渐(音尖):沾湿。 
帷裳:车厢两旁的帘幕。   
爽:差错。 
贰(音特):差错。   
罔极:没有准则,行为多变。 
二三其德:三心二意。
室劳:家务劳动。   
夙兴夜寐:起早睡晚。   
言:语助词,无义。 
遂:久,一说成。   
知:智。 
咥(音系):讥笑貌。   
躬:自己,自身。 悼:伤心。
淇:淇水。 
隰:当作湿,水名,即漯河。 
泮(音判):通畔,岸,水边。   
总角:古时儿童两边梳辫,如双角。指童年。 
晏晏:和悦貌。   
旦旦:明朗貌。

[赏析]
这是一个被虐待,被遗弃的妇人自己诉苦的诗。这也是关于薄命妇女的一篇民间故事诗。这和《谷风》是姊妹篇,同样具有情节特点。一个离了婚的女子,诉说了他的错误的爱情,不幸的婚姻,她的恨和她的决绝。该诗明确地提出一个问题:为什么在那种社会里,重男轻女?所谓礼法,所谓道德,竟用两种标准,为什么偏给女子重压呢?这恐怕不是《氓》中这个妇女的苦命,实在是悲歌了社会双重标准下劳动妇女的悲惨命运。
《氓》是一首叙事诗。叙事诗有故事情节,在叙事中有抒情、议论。作者用第一人称“我”来叙事,采用回忆追述和对比手法。
回忆和对比:
《氓》是女主人公在回忆中叙事、抒情的。在回忆中运用对比的手法。女主人公自身婚前婚后形成对比‘婚前,“总角之宴,言笑晏晏”,“不见复关,泣涕涟涟。既见复关,载笑载言”, “我”纯真、热情。婚后,“夙兴夜寐,靡有朝矣”,“静言思之,躬自悼矣”,辛苦而又蒙受耻辱。更突出的是思想上起了深刻的变化:“于嗟女兮,无与士耽!”“女之耽兮,不可说也!”前后恋爱、生活的对比,思想感情的对比,表现了女主人公的性格特点和性格变化。氓,婚前婚后也形成对比。婚前,“氓之蚩蚩”;婚后,“女也不爽,士贰其行”,“言既遂矣,至于暴矣”,他“二三其德”,甚至凶暴起来。在恋爱、婚后生活的对比中,女主人公认识到了在恋爱、婚姻生活中男女是不平等的,从痛苦生活经历中得出教训:“于嗟女兮,无与士耽!士之耽兮,犹可说也。女之耽兮,不可说也!”她悔恨多于哀伤,决绝而不留恋:“反是不思,亦已焉哉!’,表现出她清醒、刚烈的性格特点。


《诗经》开创比、兴的艺术手法

《氓》中第三、四章用了兴的手法。
第三章,前四句“桑之未落,其叶沃若。于嗟鸠兮,无食桑葚”。桑叶鲜嫩,告诫斑鸠不要贪吃桑葚。这与后面六句劝说“于嗟女兮,无与士耽”形成对照,诗意是相连的。
第四章,前两句“桑之落矣,其黄而陨”,叶由嫩绿变为枯黄,这与士“信誓旦旦’’变为“士贰其行’,相对照,含有隐喻。
三、四章起兴的诗句,用自然现象来对照女主人公恋爱生活的变化,由起兴的诗句引出表达感情生活的诗句,激发读者联想,增强意蕴,产生形象鲜明、诗意盎然的艺术效果。有人认为,用桑叶嫩绿而枯黄来比喻恋爱生活由幸福而至痛苦,这种兴兼有比的特点,更富有艺术魅力。

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