Chinese paper cutting 剪纸

Paper cutting (jiǎn zhǐ 剪纸) can be seen in many parts of China during the Spring Festival. People paste patterns on the window, door lintel (mén méi 门楣) or desks for the festival atmosphere.

It's difficult to tell when it originated. One saying is that it originated from the religious ceremony or offering sacrifices. The ancient people cut papers into animals or people. They either buried them with the dead or burned them on the funerals, wishing that things that paper stand for could be with the dead. A thousand years ago, paper cut was used for decoration. According to historic books, women in the Tang Dynasty (táng cháo 唐朝) used paper cut as headdress. In the Song Dynasty, it was the decoration of the gifts. People pasted on windows or doors or used it as decorations on walls, mirrors or lanterns. Some people made a living by it.

Paper cutting is all made by hand. It is easy to learn the rudiments (rù mén 入门). Non-craftsmen need only a knife and paper. For craftsman, they need knives and gravers of various types to make complicated patterns. It can be one piece of paper or many pieces. Simple patterns can be cut with a knife. For complicated patterns, people first pasted the pattern on the paper and then used various kinds of knives to make it. No mistake can be made during the process otherwise the work would fail.

Paper cutting covers nearly all topics, from flowers, birds, animals, legendary people, figures in classic novels, to types of facial make-up in Peking opera. Paper cutting has various styles in different parts of China.

In the past, women living in the countryside gathered in their free time to make paper cutting, which is a way to judge their skillfulness. As society develops, fewer and fewer people learn this skill while there are some who still regard it as a profession. At present, there are factories and associations for paper cutting in China. Exhibitions and exchanges are held regularly and books of this kind are published. Paper cutting has changed from decoration to a kind of art. At the same time, paper cutting also appears in cartoons, on stage, in magazines or in TV series.

剪纸
   剪纸，又叫刻纸，窗花或剪画。区别在创作时，有的用剪子，有的用刻刀，虽然工具有别，但创作出来的艺术作品基本相同，人们统称为剪纸。

      剪纸从色彩上分，有单色剪纸和套色剪纸。用一种颜色的剪纸刻出来的作品就叫单色剪纸，它如同版画中的单色木刻一样，是最常用的一种形式，这类作品显得十分朴素大方。而套色剪纸则是用不同颜色的剪纸刻出来的作品，这种形式并不常用，但是看起来生动形象。

   剪纸是中国最普及的民间传统装饰艺术之一，有着悠久的历史。因其材料易得、成本低廉、效果立见、适应面广，样式千姿百态，形象普遍生动而受欢迎；更因它最适合农村妇女闲暇制作，既可作实用物，又可美化生活。全国各地都能见到剪纸，甚至形成了不同地方风格流派。剪纸不仅表现了群众的审美爱好，并蕴含着民族的社会深层心理，也是中国最具特色的民艺之一，其造型特点尤其值得研究。民间剪纸作为中国本源哲学的体现，在表现形式上有着全面、美化、吉祥的特征，同时民间剪纸用自己特定的表现语言，传达出传统文化的内涵和本质。