Lisu Nationality Folk Songs 傈僳族民歌

时间：2006年
Time: 2006
类别：民间音乐
Category: Folk Music
地区：云南
Region: Yunnan Province
编号：Ⅱ-17
Ref. No.: II-17
申报地区或单位：云南省怒江傈僳族自治州、泸水县
Nominating unit[s]: Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture and Lushui County, Yunnan Province
傈僳族民歌包括木刮、摆时和优叶等歌种。
Lisu nationality folk songs cover Mugua, Baishi, Youye and other song varieties.
"木刮"是傈僳族最重要、流传最广的民歌歌种之一，流传于云南省怒江傈僳族自治州的傈僳族聚居区。木刮在傈僳语中原泛指所有的歌和调，后来逐渐成为叙事古歌的专称。其他属木刮类的歌、调一般冠以内容，如阿尺木刮（山羊调）、其奔木刮（三弦调）等。木刮主要用于内容严肃、气氛庄重的传统叙事长诗，并多在民族节日、集会等时间和场合歌唱。代表性歌唱内容如《创世纪》、《生产调》、《牧羊歌》、《逃婚调》等，曲调朴实、深沉，具有苍凉、古老的风格。木刮一般由中老年男子分为两方，盘腿围坐火塘边，各以男、女身份一问一答对唱。对唱时双方都由一人领唱，众人伴唱，领唱者唱一句，伴唱者和一句，吟唱中以酒助兴，边饮边歌。木刮对唱还具有竞赛的特点，若双方领唱者均为对歌能手，对歌往往持续几天几夜。以木刮对唱的傈僳族传统叙事古歌，广泛涉及民族渊源、人类繁衍、生产生活、风情习俗、恋爱婚姻、宗教信仰和民族交往等内容，生动再现了傈僳族社会历史的广阔图景，具有较高的认识和审美价值。如长篇叙事歌《逃婚调》就反映了傈僳族"指腹为婚"、"以牛为聘"的婚恋习俗，以逃婚争取自由和爱情的社会风习，杀羊招魂、打狗头发誓、泼血酒赌咒的原始信仰，以及各民族之间相互往来、相互帮助的团结精神和傈僳族的社会生产力水平、生产状况等。
Mugua is one of the most important and popular folk song varieties of Lisu people and prevails in the Lishu ethnic settlements in Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. In Lisu dialect, Mugua once referred to all kinds of songs and melodies but later it gradually became a special term for old narrative songs. Other Mugua songs and melodies are usually named after their respective theme such as Achi Mugua (Goat melody) or Qiben Mugua (Three-chord melody). Most Mugua songs are long traditional narrative poetries with serious and solemn themes, and they are often sung in occasions of ethnic festivals and gathering. Its typical representatives include New Era (or Chuang Shi Ji), Production Melody (or Sheng Chan Diao), Shepherd Song (or Mu Yang Ge) and Escaping Marriage Melody (or Tao Hun Diao), all of which are plain and deep with a primeval bleak style. Mugua songs are usually performed in antiphonal style by middle-aged and old men who are divided into two teams (one team plays the role of man and the other plays the role of woman) and sit around the bonfire with their feet crossed. And one team asks questions and the other answers. In the antiphonal signing, one person lead a chorus and the rest of his team accompany him by following his singing sentence. While singing, they often drink wine to make it more delightful. Mugua in antiphonal style is also a kind of singing contest. If leading singers of both teams are quite capable of singing, the singing will keep reverberating in the air for days and nights. Lisu nationality traditional narrative songs in the form of Mugua tell about national history, reproduction of human beings, production activities, customs, relationship and marriage, religion and national interaction. They present us an extensive vision of Lush nationality social history vividly and have high recognition and aesthetic values. The song Escaping Marriage Melody, for instance, reflects marriage practice of Lisu nationality such as proposing a marriage when the babies are not born yet by their parents and using a cow as the betrothal present, social custom of escaping marriage for pursuing freedom and love, original religious beliefs of killing a goat for evocation, hitting the head of a dog for making a commitment and splashing wine with blood for taking an oath, cooperative spirit of interaction and mutual help among ethnic groups, social productivity and production conditions of Lisu people.
随着老一辈歌手的相继去世，现今已较少有人能完整歌唱傈僳族木刮史歌、长篇叙事歌的内容。如不及时抢救、挖掘，抓紧培养年轻一代歌手，木刮将面临后继无人的局面。
As old singers passed away one by one, fewer people can sing all Mugua songs including epic and narrative songs. If measures are not to be taken for protecting & discovering Mugua songs and training younger generation, Mugua will be in a situation that there will be no followers.
"摆时"和"优叶"是云南省怒江傈僳族自治州最具代表性的两类傈僳族山歌。
"Baishi" and "Youye" are two typical folk song varieties originated from Lisu people living in Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province.
摆时广泛流传于泸水县和兰坪县傈僳族地区，在平时及节日集会、庆祝丰收、男婚女嫁等喜庆的场合都有歌唱，歌词内容广泛，曲调热情奔放，宜于表露内心激情，深受傈僳族人民喜爱。摆时多为集体性的男女对唱，也可由一人作自娱性独唱。歌唱内容分为"朵我"、"辖我"两类。"朵我"主要歌唱传统叙事长诗，"辖我"则根据对歌对象即兴编唱，多以爱情、时事为主要内容。摆时代表曲目有《竹弦歌》、《忆苦歌》、《孤儿泪》等。一年一度的泸水县登更"澡塘赛歌会"是摆时对唱的隆重盛会。
Popular in Lushui County and Lanping County, Baishi is performed in occasions like festivals, harvest celebrations and weddings. The lyrics of Baishi are rich in content and the melodies are passionate and wild, making Baishi suitable for expressing one's feelings, thus it is favored by Lisu people. Most of Baishi songs are antiphonal singing between male and female, but they can also be sung by a single person for self-entertainment. Its lyrics consist of "Duowo" and "Xiawo". "Duowo" are major traditional narrative poetries with long literary pieces and "Xiawo" is an ad-lid upon opponents in antiphonal singing with themes about love and current events. Representative works of Baishi are Bamboo String Song (or Zhu Xian Ge), Memory of Hard Times Song (or Yi Ku Ge), Tears of an Orphan (or Gu Er Lei) and so on. The annual Zaotang Singing Contest in Denggeng Town of Lushui County is a grand gathering for Baishi antiphonal singing.
优叶主要流传于福贡县傈僳族村寨，按歌唱内容及形式分为两类：一类由中老年人围坐火塘边一面饮酒一面对唱，主要内容是追述旧时的悲伤、苦难，曲调低沉、速度徐缓、旋律平稳；另一类曲调轻松、活泼，是青年男女传情表意的主要方式，可男女对唱，也可在同性间对唱。第一类优叶现已较少传唱，第二类优叶至今仍广为流传。优叶常见曲目有《打猎歌》、《悄悄话》、《砍柴歌》等。
Popular in Lisu Nationality villages of Fugong County, Youye can be subdivided into two varieties by theme and way of performance. The first variety, with deep, slow and steady melody, is sung in antiphonal style by middle-aged and old singers sitting and drinking around the bonfire and tells about memories of sadness and hardship in old times. The other is much more cheerful for young boys and girls to express their affections, which can be performed in antiphonal style between boys and girl or between the same sex. Nowadays few people still sing the former one but the second one is still very popular. Some common works are Hunting Song (or Da Lie Ge), Whisper (or Qiao Qiao Hua), Wood Chopping Song (or Kan Chai Ge) and so on.
摆时和优叶是傈僳族口传文学艺术的杰出代表，经过历代歌手的创造，长期以来积累了极其丰富的歌唱内容，几乎涉及社会生活和民俗活动的各个方面。摆时和优叶同时也创造了富于民族个性的多种艺术表现手法，如傈傈族诗歌的句式、韵律及修辞特点主要通过这类民歌体现出来。摆时和优叶又反映着僳僳族民歌的典型音乐特色，如傈僳族民歌的多声唱法、颤音唱法及衬词运用都能在摆时和优叶中得到充分体现。
Baishi and Youye are outstanding representatives of Lisu people's oral literature and art. With the efforts of generations of singers, they have been enriched in content, covering almost all aspects of social life and folklore activities. Meanwhile, through Baishi and Youye, many art manifestation methods with ethnic features have been developed. For instance, phrasing, rhythm and rhetoric features of poetries by Lisu people are embodied through these folk songs. In addition, they also mirror the typical musical characteristics of Lisu ethnic folk songs, as demonstrated by multi-voice singing and vibrato singing and auxiliary words widely applied in Baishi and Youye.
相关传承人：
Inheritor(s):
王利 李学华
Wang Li and Li Xuehua