Naxi Nationality Dongba Paintings 纳西族东巴画

时间：2006年
Time: 2006
类别：民间美术
Category: Folk Art
地区：云南
Region: Yunnan
编号：Ⅶ-13
Ref. No.: Ⅶ-13
申报地区或单位：云南省丽江市
Nominating unit[s]: Lijiang city, Yunnan Province
东巴画是纳西族东巴文化艺术的一项重要内容，流传在云南省丽江市古城区和玉龙纳西族自治县地区。以纳西族民间信奉中的神灵、传说中的祖先及动物等为主要描绘内容，表现了人与自然的和谐关系，主要有经卷图画、木牌画、纸牌画和卷轴画等形式。
Dongba paintings, an important part of the Dongba culture of the Naxi ethnic group, are found mainly in the ancient city area of Lijiang City and Yulong Naxi Autonomous County in Yunnan. By depicting Naxi Deities, legendary Naxi ancestors and animals, Dongba paintings convey the harmony between human and nature. They come in various forms, including scripture paintings, wood chip paintings, card paintings and scrolls.
东巴的经卷图画包括东巴图画文字、封面装帧画、经书扉页和题图等。
Dongba scripture paintings include Dongba pictures and characters, cover page pictures, head page pictures, and theme pictures.
东巴的木牌画是在简制的木牌面上绘制出的图像，它主要用于纳西族的插地祭祀活动，与两汉时期中国西北部古羌人"人面形木牌"有着渊源关系。东巴的纸牌画以自制的土纸为载体，它主要包括两类，一类是绘制的神像，或竖于神坛供人祭拜，或戴在祭司头顶；另一类是绘画谱典，或用作绘画者的规范，或用作绘画传承时的教本，这种谱典种类较多，可以自成体系。东巴的卷轴画多绘于麻布或土布上，四周用蓝布装裱，上有天杆，下设地轴，绘画内容多为纳西族信奉的神祗。卷轴画在继承纳西族传统绘画的基础上借鉴了藏、汉等民族的绘画技法，又吸收了佛、道文化元素，特别是吸取了元、明以来藏族唐卡造像艺术的特点，兼收并蓄，形成一种新的绘画形式。卷轴画《神路图》是东巴绘画艺术中的煌煌巨制，全长十几米，由一百多幅分格连环画组成，直幅长卷上共描绘了三百六十多个人物及动物形象，场面宏大，气势壮观，技艺高超，反映了纳西族灵魂不灭的生命意识和完善人生的伦理观念。
Dongba wood chip paintings are paintings on simple wood pieces and are mostly used during sacrificial ceremonies and originate partly from the face-shaped wood chip of the Qiang people in northern China during the west and east Han Dynasties. Dongba card paintings, on handmade papers, come in two types: one type depicts the images of Deities and is put on altars for worship or worn on the headwear of a priest; the other type is used as either reference for painters or textbooks for future generations. The second type is found in large numbers and is a system in itself. Dongba scroll paintings are actually drawn on linen or hand-woven cloth. The four edges are decorated with blue cloth while the top and bottom margins are fixed with extra axis. Depicted on the cloth are mainly Naxi Deities. In terms of painting techniques, artists have, based on traditional Naxi paintings, borrowed ideas from Tibetan and Han people as well as those of Buddhism and Taoism. In particular, they have integrated the many characteristics of Tibetan Thangkas paintings and nurtured a new form of painting. The Road to Heaven is a master piece of Dongba painting art. It extends more than ten meters and consists of over one hundred serial pictures. With more than 360 figures and animals, this extraordinary painting depicts a lively and magnificent scene, reflecting Naxi people's idea of the immortal soul and a life completed.
东巴绘画主要以木片、东巴纸、麻布等为材料，用自制的竹笔蘸松烟墨勾画轮廊，然后敷以各种自然颜色，绚丽多彩，历经数百年而不褪色。其绘画形象具有强烈的原始意味，以线条表现为主，并不注重事物外部的形体比例，但朴实生动，奇异诡谲，野趣横生，色彩多用原色，鲜艳夺目。许多画面亦字亦画，保留了浓郁的象形文字书写特征，是研究人类原始绘画艺术的"活化石"。
On wood chips, Dongba papers or linen, the contours of Dongba paintings are firstly painted with hand-made bamboo pens dipped in pine-soot ink. Then different natural colors are added, which will not fade even after several centuries. The images are primitive in nature, mostly composed of lines. Little attention is paid to the proportion of an object but the lines are both simple and distinctive and exude natural charm. Most of the colors used are bright and fundamental. Many pictographs, like hieroglyphics, can be interpreted as both pictures and characters. They are the "living fossils" of human's pristine painting art.