Traditional Drama 传统戏剧 Han Opera 汉剧

时间：2006年
Date: 2006
类别：传统戏剧
Category: Traditional Opera
地区：湖北
Region: Hubei Province
编号：Ⅳ—30
Project No. IV-30
申报地区或单位：湖北省武汉市
Name of Applicant (region or institution): Wuhan City, Hubei Province
汉剧旧称楚调、汉调，又名楚腔、楚曲，初步形成于清代康乾年间，至嘉道年间走向进一步成熟，至今已有三百多年的历史。它流行于湖北，远及湘、豫、川、陕、粤、皖、赣、黔、晋等省的部分地区。
Formerly known as the Chu Tune or Han Tone with alias the Chu Tone or Chu Opera, the Han Opera originated during the reigns of Kangxi and Qianlong of Qing Dynasty and further matured during the reigns of Jiajing and Daoguang, over 300 years ago. It mainly circulates in Hubei and as far as some parts of Hunan, Henan, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Guangdong, Anhui, Jiangxi, Guizhou and Shanxi.
汉剧声腔以西皮、二簧为主，首创皮簧合流，丰富完善了板腔体音乐的表现功能。其曲牌有四百余首，包括唢呐、笛子、丝弦三类。伴奏乐器有胡琴、二胡、月琴、三弦、笛子、琵琶、唢呐、锣、钹等，并夹用马锣的“川打”，形成了一定的特色。汉剧剧目丰富，号称八百出，现在尚存六百五十余出，较流行的约三百多出，主要取材于历史演义和传说故事，其中的代表性剧目有《双尽忠》、《两狼山》、《生死板》、《打花鼓》、《审陶大》、《合银牌》、《斩李虎》、《宇宙锋》、《闹金阶》、《哭祖庙》等。
Han Opera takes Xipi and Erhuang as the major tones, creating the integration of the two and perfecting the expressive function of the clapper music. The names of tunes are more than 400 in number, including the three types of trumpet, flute and stringed instruments while the instruments for accompaniment cover Hu zither, Erhu, Yue Zither, Three-string, flute, Pipa zither, trumpet, gong and cymbals, with intermingled Sichuan beat of horse gong forming its feature. Han Opera has a long list of programs, about 800 in total. Now there are about 650 programs available. The more popular ones are 300 in number, mainly adapted from historical romance and legends. The representative programs are Double Loyalty, Two-wolves Mountain, Life or Death Clappers, Flower Drum, Interrogating Tao the Elder, The Meshing of Silver Tablets, Beheading Li Hu, Universal Peak, The Gold Rung Rebellion, and The Wailing at Ancestral Temple.
汉剧的脚色行当较为完整，共分末、净、生、旦、丑、外、小、贴、夫、杂十大行。各行都有自己的表演程序，对兄弟剧种行当的丰富和发展有较大影响。汉剧在发展中先后涌现出米应先、余三胜、余洪元、董瑶阶、李彩云、李春森、吴天保、陈伯华等众多杰出的艺术家，尤其是解放后形成的吴（天保）派和陈（伯华）派表演艺术代表了汉剧发展的高峰，在全国影响很大。
Han Opera has a complete range of roles including mid-aged man, painted face, male, female, clown, forestage, the young, secondary female, man, minor roles. Each role has its own procedure of performance, exerting a great influence on the development of fellow operas. During the course of its development, there have been noted artists such as Mi Yingxian, Yu Sansheng, Yu Hongyuan, Dong Yaojie, Li Caiyun, Li Chunsen, Wu Tianbao and Chen Bohua. In particular, the Wu and Chen schools of performance embody the peak of its development and are rather popular across the country.
在中国戏曲发展历史上，汉剧为京剧的形成作出过特殊的贡献，对川剧、滇剧、桂剧、湘剧、粤剧、赣剧等地方戏曲剧种也有不同程度的影响，是研究戏曲板腔体系、戏曲音乐结构演变的重要史料和进行艺术创新的资源。20世纪60年代以来，各地汉剧团急剧减少，至今湖北省境内仅存两个专业汉剧院团，许多剧目和传统技艺正随着老艺人的谢世而失传，急需加以抢救和保护。
In the history of development of Chinese opera, Han Opera contributed to the emergence of Peking Opera and influenced local operas like Sichuan Opera, Yunan Opera, Guangxi Opera, Hunan Opera, Guangdong Opera and Jiangxi Opera in varying degrees. It is also important historical data for researching the system of clappers and tones of opera and structural evolution of opera music as well as a source for artistic innovation. Ever since the 1960’s, the number of Han Opera troupes in the country has dropped sharply. Now there are only two such professional troupes within Hubei Province and many programs and traditional feat are disappearing with the deceasing of the old performing artists. Preservation and salvation measures are being urgently called for.