Huaiqing Wooden Clappers 怀梆

时间：2006年
Date: 2006
类别：传统戏剧
Category: Traditional Opera
地区：河南
Region: Henan Province
编号：Ⅳ—25
Project No. IV-25
申报地区或单位：河南省沁阳市
Name of Applicant (region or institution): Qinyang City, Henan Province
怀梆系河南省古老的稀有地方剧种，因起于旧怀庆府（今沁阳）一带，故名怀梆，俗称怀庆梆子、老怀梆、小梆（班）戏、怀调，主要流行于河南沁阳、博爱、济源、孟州、温县、武陟、修武、原阳、获加、焦作、新乡一带。其前身是由围桌说唱祈雨演变而来的海神戏，形成于明洪武、永乐年间。原河内县居民多由山西洪洞一带迁来，故海神戏保持着山西戏剧的表演形式，与河内当地的风俗习惯和方言土语相结合，逐步形成了与山西中路梆子接近而又具有怀庆府一带特色的声腔剧种，剧目、唱腔、念白、音乐等方面都带有浓厚的地方色彩。
Huaiqing Wooden Clappers is a rare, time-honored local opera of Henan Province. It originated in the then Huaiqing Prefecture (now Qinyang), so it was named Huaiqing Wooden Clappers, Old Huaiqing Wooden Clappers, Little Wooden Clappers Opera, and Huaiqing Tone, mainly popular in Qinyang, Boai, Jiyuan, Mengzhou, Wenxian, Wuzhi, Xiuwu, Yuanyang, Huojia, Jiaozuo and Xinxiang of Henan Province. It was formerly the Sea God Opera derived from the rain-praying chant and recital around the table that took shape during the reigns of Hongwu and Yongle of Ming Dynasty. The then Neihe County had many dwellers who had moved in from the area of Hongtong, Shanxi Province. Hence the performance style of Shanxi Opera kept in the Sea God Opera. When mixed with local custom and dialects of Henei County, it gradually turned into an opera with a tone that resembles closely the Middle Road Wooden Clappers of Shanxi yet characterizes the flavor of Huaiqing Prefecture, the programs, tone, recital and music all obviously identifying with the local features.
怀梆有三百多本传统戏，经常上演的剧目多为双生、双旦、双花脸，其中的代表性剧目有《反西京》、《古槐案》、《张春醉酒》、《老少换》、《红珠女》、《赶秦三》、《辕门斩子》、《九头案》、《桃花庵》、《凤仪亭》、《老征东》、《五女拜寿》等。这些传统剧目多无剧本，全以老艺人口授方式传承。
The Huaiqing Wooden Clappers opera contains over 300 traditional programs. The regular list ranges from Shuangsheng (double males), Shuangdan (double females) and Shuanghualian (double painted faces). The typical programs are The Uprising of West Capital, The Case of Ancient Locust Tree, The Drunken Zhang Chun, The Exchange Between Old and Young, Red Pearl Girl, Driving Away Qinsan, Killing Son at Barrack Gate, The Nine-head Case, Peach Blossom Temple, Phoenix Pavilion, Expedition at Dotage, and Five Daughters Celebrating his Birthday. All these programs generally have no script and have only been passed down by the old story-tellers by dictation.
无论是在音乐还是在表演艺术上，怀梆都有自己独特的风格。它属于板腔体，演唱时须用枣木梆击打节奏，唱词多为七字句、十字句和长短句，上下对应，合辙押韵，结构基本规整。怀梆以方言吐字，唱腔慷慨激昂，根据剧情需要常出现高八度的“后嗓”音。其板式主要有慢板、二八板、流水板、三板、非板五大类，伴奏乐器包括大弦、板胡、月琴、鼓板、大锣等。怀梆生、旦、净、末、丑行当齐全，表演粗犷奔放，擅演文武带打蟒靠架子戏。
No matter in terms of music or performance, Huaiqing Wooden Clappers still has a unique style of its own. It belongs to the family of clapper opera and entails the beat of date-tree wooden clappers during performance. The content is generally seven-character sentences, ten-character-sentences or long-short sentences, all in perfect parallel and in good rhyme. Huaiqing Wooden Clappers uses dialect during performance and the tone is usually a resonant and exciting one, with high eighth-pitch back sound when needed. The style of clappers comprises five kinds: Slow Clappers, Two-eight Clappers, Flowing Clappers, Three Clappers, and Void Clappers. The musical instruments include Large String, Banhu fiddle, Yueqin fiddle, Drum Clappers, and Big Gong. Huaiqing Wooden Clappers opera has a full array of roles including Sheng (male), Dan (female), Jing (painted face), Mo (secondary female) and Chou (clown), featuring a gruff and masculine manner suitable for performance of martial arts in both Quiet and Dynamic Settings.
由于怀梆的艺术形式独特，因此加强怀梆剧种的发掘、抢救和保护工作，对弘扬民族文化，加强我国梆子声腔剧种体系的研究，丰富和完善中国戏剧史都能起到重要的作用。但在目前形势下，怀梆赖以生存、发展的社会基础发生了变革，出现演出市场低迷、演员跳槽等严重现象，整个剧种面临着青黄不接、后继乏人的局面，需要从速采取措施加以抢救、保护。
Out of consideration for the unique style of Huaiqing Wooden Clappers, it is imperative that efforts be made to implement the work of exploration, salvation and preservation of Huaiqing Wooden Clappers Opera. It is of great value in passing down the ethnic culture, promoting the studies of wooden clappers system of China, and enriching and perfecting Chinese opera history. But, under the present situation, the performance market is in the process of slump and performers are leaving this trade in a large number due to the changes in the social conditions that Huaiqing Wooden Clappers depends on for survival and development. Now there is a lack of young people to inherit and it is being endangered, indeed. Urgent measures for salvation and preservation are being called for.