Traditional Drama 传统戏剧 The Nanyang Wooden Clappers 宛梆

时间：2006年
Date: 2006
类别：传统戏剧
Category: Traditional Opera
地区：河南
Region: Henan Province
编号：Ⅳ—24
Project No. IV-24
申报地区或单位：河南省内乡县
Name of Applicant (region or institution): Neixiang County, Henan Province
宛梆是一个稀有的地方戏曲剧种，它生长并流布在河南西南部的南阳及周边广大地区，早期人们称它为唧唧梆、老梆子、南阳梆子等，因南阳古称为“宛”，故1956年南阳行署正式将其命名为“宛梆”。宛梆是明末清初陕西的东路秦腔（同州梆子）传入南阳后，与南阳当地的民歌小调、民间说唱融合后，演变形成的一个戏曲剧种，它的兴起至今已有三百多年的历史。
The Nanyang Wooden Clappers, or Wan Wooden Clappers, is a rare kind of local traditional opera which originated and circulated in Nanyang in Southwest of Henan Province and the neighboring area. It was earlier known as Murmuring Wooden Clappers, Old Wooden Clappers and Nanyang Wooden Clappers. As Nanyang was formerly called Wan, the then Nanyang Administrative Region renamed it into Wan Wooden Clappers in 1956. At the turn of Ming and Qing dynasties, when the East Road Qin Tune (Tongzhou Wooden Clappers) spread to Nanyang and got integrated with the local folklore and folk story-telling, it turned into a kind of opera. Ever since it first appeared, the opera has lasted over 300 years of circulation.
宛梆有《汶江河》、《化心丸》、《黑打朝》、《铡美案》、《下陈州》、《桃花庵》、《卖苗郎》、《杨家将》、《打金枝》、《黄鹤楼》等一百四十多个传统剧目。其音乐属于板腔体，曲调丰富，唱腔分为本腔与假腔两种，各类板式中都有本腔与假腔相配。通常的调门有慢板、流水、二八、散板四大部分。伴奏乐器包括大弦、二弦、坠胡、月琴、唢呐、小锣、手镲、板鼓、大锣、大镲、大鼓、战鼓、枣木梆子等。宛梆主弦为秦腔早期大弦，发音高亢，宛如鸟啼，与枣木梆子搭配，风格独特。
Wan Wooden Clappers opera contains 140 or so regular programs including Wenjiang River, The Edifying Pill, Rebellion of Outlaws, Beheading of Chen Shimei, Going Down ChenZhou, Peach Blossom Temple, The Little Seedling Seller, Women Troops from the Yang Family, Beating Gold Twig, and Yellow Crane Tower. Its music belongs to the family of clappers with a variety of tunes and the tone falls into original voice and falsetto which are alternately used in the full range of clappers performance. The usual tunes include Slow Clappers, Flowing, Erba and Mincing Clappers. The musical instruments include Large String, Erxian fiddle, Zhuihu fiddle, Yueqin fiddle (four-string), trumpet, mini gong, small cymbals, clapper drum, big drum, big cymbals war drum, and date-tree wooden clappers. The major tune of Wan Wooden Clappers is the from large string of Qin Tune, featuring a resonant, high-pitch tone, like bird-singing and the date-tree wooden clappers really make it sound special.
宛梆既有陕西梆子的高亢激越，又有中原音乐的平整规范，还有楚乐的委婉清丽，它用以烘托感情的假腔为高八度无字行腔，系宛腔一绝，具有独特的艺术价值。受中原文化、秦晋文化和楚文化共同滋养的宛梆是研究河南梆子早期生态的标本，20世纪30年代以来，由于豫剧、河南曲剧的兴起和迅速流传，宛梆渐趋衰落，至目前只剩下内乡县一家国有宛梆专业剧团还在艰难地传承着这一古老的民族艺术火种，有必要及时加以抢救和维护。
The Wan Wooden Clappers has both the excited, high-pitch tone of Shaanxi Wooden Clappers and the regular, smooth tone of music of the Central Plain and the clear, pure, delicate voice of music of the State of Chu. The falsetto used for setting up the atmosphere is a wordless, high 8th pitch tone claimed as exceptional merit that is of unique artistic value. Jointly influenced and nourished by culture of the Central Plain and cultures of Qin and Jin Dynasties, the Wan Wooden Clappers opera is indeed a specimen for studying the primitive stage of Henan Wooden Clappers. Since the 1930’s, due to the rise and speed circulation of Yu Opera and Henan Tune Opera, its influence has somewhat declined. At present, there is only one professional Wan Wooden Clappers Troupe in Neixiang County that is struggling to pass on the aged, artistic flame of folklore. Timely preservation and salvation are being called for now.