Dragon: Chinese Dragon VS Western Dragon 中国龙

Dragon is a legend animal in the world. The Chinese dragon is a far different beast from its Western counterpart. Smaug from J.R.R. Tolkien’s “The Hobbit” is perhaps the most widely known dragon from recent Western fiction, a cruel, avaricious and bloodthirsty creature whose lair under the Lonely Mountain identifies him as a creature of the earth. Tolkien drew much of his inspiration for Smaug from the dragon in the Old English epic of “Beowulf”, penned more than a thousand years earlier, which gives some indication of the depth of the European tradition of portraying dragons as bad news.

By contrast, the Chinese dragon is an auspicious creature, symbolizing strength, wisdom, good luck and power over the elements of wind and water. As such, Chinese people proudly claim they are the descendants of the dragon, a story that is firmly rooted in national folklore and history. For example, an anecdote in the “Records of the Grand Historian” (《史记》shǐjì) traces the birth of Liu Bang, the first emperor of the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-25AD): One day, his mother falls asleep at a riverside and dreams of a dragon lying on her body, only to wake up and find herself pregnant. Traces of the anecdote survived in the belief that a dragon appearing in a pregnant mother’s dream was an auspicious sign indicating she would give birth to a future emperor.

Indeed, China’s feudal rulers did everything they could to maintain this mythic association, surrounding themselves with dragon-related ornamentation, ruling from a Dragon Throne and waging war under a dragon flag. Pretty much everything related to the emperor would be tagged with the character “龙”, for example, “龙袍” (imperial robes embroidered with curling dragons), “龙椅” (the emperor’s seat), “龙床” (the emperor’s bed) and “龙颜” (the look of an emperor).
 

While Smaug and other European dragons have a solid, serpentine connection to the earth, Chinese dragons are indisputably rulers of the sky. The dragon was worshiped as the God of Rain, and in times of drought or flooding, locals would visit a dragon-king temple (龙王庙 lóngwángmiào) and burn incense to pray for more favorable conditions. It is also said that natural disasters such as floods or tornados (龙卷风, literally, the dragon rolls up the wind) indicate the dragon king is in bad temper.

Dragons’ association with thunder, lightening and rain may have prompted the widespread belief that there are more likely to be a flurry of natural disasters in a Dragon year, and Chinese New Year celebrations the world over will include ceremonies and prayers dedicated to warding off the possibility of such a calamity striking people’s homes.

The dragon’s power to control rain and waves is also closely related to its rank in the pantheon of 12 zodiac animals (rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, cock, dog and pig). Various tales describe the race of these 12 animals to secure their place on the list, but the sequence is determined by the time of day the animal is most active, at least in the eyes of the ancient Chinese. The dragon corresponds to 7 am to 9 am, when it is most likely to be foggy, allowing the dragon to ride atop clouds and mist. However, parts of the dragon are usually hidden in the heavy fog, giving rise to the phrase “神龙见首不见尾”(“you see the head of the mystical dragon but not its tail”), which now refers to someone who has no fixed wherabouts and is difficult for others to trace.
 

In Chinese folk art paper-cuts, a typical pattern shows the dragon riding on clouds. Another depicts two dragons playing with a pearl (双龙戏珠 shuānglóngxìzhū), which is often inlaid with a dark, comma-like symbol running through the middle, thought to represent the unification of yin and yang. In Chinese calligraphy, the flying dragon is an aesthetically appealing analogy for cursive and elegant handwriting known as “龙飞凤舞”, literally, “dragons flying and phoenixes dancing.” Given all the positive associations of “龙”, it’s no wonder the character is a top choice for people’s names, including martial arts superstars Jackie Chan (成龙) and Bruce Lee (李小龙). There is also the Chinese idiom, “望子成龙” (literally, hoping one’s son will become a dragon), which roughly correlates with meaning parents have high expectations of their children.

However, few parents would want their children to be aggressive leaders involved in violence. Unfortunately, this is the image that struck many Chinese upon seeing the new dragon stamp issued by China Post in early January. “Evil and frightening” (凶神恶煞 xiōngshén’èshà), “baring fangs and brandishing paws” (张牙舞爪zhāngyáwǔzhǎo) and “bristling with anger” (怒发冲冠 nùfàchōngguān) were just a few of the phrases people responded with when being asked for their first impression of the new stamp. The design has also triggered heated debates among micro bloggers on Sina Weibo, one of whom even compares the image to “China’s notorious city inspectors, who are sometimes caught on camera beating up street vendors,” according to The Wall Street Journal’s China Real Time Report.

People born in the year of the dragon are said to be natural leaders – charismatic, innovative, free-spirited, and flamboyant, and as such Dragon years are notorious for coinciding with spikes in the birth rate. It remains to be seen whether modern Chinese remain as much in the thrall of dragon worship as their ancestors, and if the phenomenon holds true in the 21st century.

If you visit in China, don't forget to celebrate the one day a year that the dragon awakens.