Stone Lion 石狮

The earliest stone lion (shí shī 石狮) was discovered in a Eastern Han Dynasty tomb in Ya'an (yǎ ān 雅安), Sichuan Province (sì chuān shěng 四川省). During the Ming Dynasty (míng cháo 明朝) stone lions were placed in front of palaces, government buildings, temples and even some rich family mansions to display power. Later, stone lion designs were carved as decoration on important architectural features such as door lintels and eaves. Beijing now has many stone lions made during the Ming and Qing (qīng 清) dynasties. These lions do not seem powerful and wild, but rather are kindly and gentle.

Stone Lion in Forbidden CityThe lion was regarded as the king in the animal world so its imagines represented power and prestige. The first lion was presented to China during the Eastern Han Dynasty (dōng hàn 东汉) by a king from the Western Regions (xī yù 西域).

In the Buddhist faith, the lion is considered a divine animal of nobleness and dignity, which can protect the truth and keep off evils. In Chinese folk tales, the lion has become a symbol of bravery, power and good luck. For this reason the stone lions are popular among the people and are commonly seen in front of the gates of ordinary families’ homes. The male lion is on the left with his right paw resting on a ball, and the female on the right with her left paw fondling a cub. The ball played by the male lion symbolized the Stone Lionunity of the empire, and the cub with the female thriving offspring.

It was also popular to decorate bridges with sculpted-stone lions for the same reason. The best known of this is the Lugouqiao Bridge (also as Marco Polo Bridge, lú gōu qiáo 卢沟桥), built from 1189 to 1192. The stone lions on the posts of the bridge are most famous. It is said there are 485 lions in all, but there may be 498 or 501. A famous proverb says "the lions on the Lugouqiao are uncountable."

石狮
    
      石狮子就是用石头雕刻出来的狮子，是在中国传统建筑中经常使用的一种装饰物。在中国的宫殿，寺庙，佛塔，桥梁，府邸，园林，陵墓，以及印钮上都会看到它。在漫长的历史年代中,这些石狮子陪伴着沧桑巨变,目睹着朝代的兴衰更替,已成为中国古建筑中不可缺少的一种装饰物。

Stone Lion on Lugouqiao Bridge      从宋清两代搜集的周代铜器的精绘印本中，已有狮子的立体形象。据说狮子是从西域传来的。相传东汉年间，狮子被作为礼物送给中国的皇帝。随着佛教的传入中国，被佛教推崇的狮子在人们心目中成了高贵尊严的灵兽，中国很快从印度等地学到了石狮子的雕刻艺术，并且出现陈列墓前的现象。如四川雅安县高颐墓前的石狮子，就是中国现存最古老的石狮子，是东汉时期的遗物。所以狮子在中国更多地是作为一种神话中的动物出现的，和麒麟一起成为中国的Stone Lion灵兽。唐代高僧慧琳说：“狻猊即狮子也，出西域。”到唐代时，石狮子雕刻艺术达到了顶峰。由于采用传神的创作方法，石狮子完全中国化了。中国的雕刻艺术大师将石狮子雕刻得异常壮丽,而且逼真：头披卷毛，张嘴扬颈，四爪强劲有力，神态盛气凌人……

      明代后，石狮子雕刻艺术不仅比唐代更高，而且人们生活中使用的范围也更加广泛。宫殿、府第、陵寝、甚至一般市民住宅，都用石狮子守门；在门楣檐角、石栏杆等建筑上也雕上石狮作为装饰。如闻名中外的卢沟桥，其两边140个柱头上,都雕刻着玲珑活泼的石狮子。姿态多样，神情丰富，大小不一，雕刻得活灵活现。清代，狮子的雕刻已基本定型，《扬州画舫录》中规定：“狮子分头、脸、身、腿、牙、胯、绣带、铃铛、旋螺纹、滚凿绣珠、出凿崽子。”石狮子通常以须弥座为基座，基座上有锦铺。狮子的造型各异，在中国又经过了美化修饰，基本的形态都是满头卷发，威武雄壮。狮子的造型在不同的朝代有不同的特征：汉唐时通常强悍威猛；元朝时身躯瘦长有力；明清时较为温顺。

The face of a stone lion      狮子在民间有辟邪的作用，常用来守门。看门的石狮子的摆放是有规矩的。一般来说，都是一雄一雌，成双成对的，而且一般都是左雄右雌，符合中国传统男左女右的阴阳哲学。放在门口左侧的雄狮一般都雕成右前爪玩弄绣球或者两前爪之间方一个绣球；门口右侧雌狮则雕成左前爪抚摸幼狮或者两前爪之间卧一幼狮。狮子又是兽中之王，有显示尊贵和威严的作用，按照传统习俗，成对的狮子是左雄右雌，还可以从狮子所踩之物来辨别，蹄下为球，象征统一寰宇和无上权利，必为雄狮。蹄下踩Stone Lion着幼狮，象征子孙绵延，是雌狮。如果狮子所蹲之石刻着凤凰和牡丹，鸟中之王，花中之王，就称“三王之狮”。

      比较有名的狮子包括天安门前的狮子，中山公园社稷坛门外的狮子，北京大学门前的狮子，沧州铁狮和卢沟桥望柱上的四百多只狮子，俗话说“卢沟桥的石狮子——数不清”。北京天安门金水桥前后，各有一对点缀性的大石狮子，左雄右雌，雕刻得极为精美。右侧石狮子的腹部有一块伤痕。关于这道伤痕有两个传说：一是说，明代时的将领李国祯被著名的农民起义军领袖李自成追击，躲藏在石狮子的后面，李自成发现了，举剑狠狠刺去，结果使石狮子受到误伤；另一说，八国联军入侵北京，石狮子被侵略军所破坏。