Hakka Stockade (Tulou) Traditional Architectural and Building Skills 客家土楼营造技艺

时间：2006年
Time: 2006
类别：传统手工技艺
Category: Traditional Handicraft Skills
地区：福建
Region: Fujian Province
编号：Ⅷ-28
Ref. No.: VIII-28
申报地区或单位：福建省龙岩市
Nominating unit[s]: Longyan City, Fujian Province
福建永定客家土楼建筑是人文内涵丰富、造型功能独特的传统生土建筑，它遍布永定全县各个乡村，主要分布在汀江、永定河流域。永定土楼以方形为主，圆形土楼较为少见，后者主要集中在金丰溪流域，此外方圆兼具的"大夫第"即"五凤楼"，主要分布在永定河流域。据统计，永定境内目前尚保存两万多座土楼。
Yongding Hakka stockade building is the traditional earth building with rich humanistic connotation and distinctive profile and function. The stockades are widely distributed throughout the villages in Yongding County and most of them are mainly located in Tingjiang River and Yongding River basins. Yongding stockades are principally square while round stockades are rarely seen. The latter are mainly situated in Jinfeng Stream basin. In addition, "dafudi" (scholar-bureaucrat mansions), i.e. "wufenglou" (Five Phoenix Tower), which is characterized by both square and round stockades, are principally distributed in Yongding River basin. According to statistics, there are more than 20,000 stockades in Yongding County up to now.
土楼建筑中蕴涵着天人合一的理念，融安全防卫和生产生活需要、聚居和崇文重教意识于一体。土楼营造工艺精巧，规划构筑考究，充分利用自然空间，合理安排房屋布局，或依山或傍水，使居住的楼屋与自然环境相协调。土楼结构千姿百态，内部空间丰富有序，装饰工艺精湛高超。土楼的营造工艺是客家建筑文化的生动表现，它继承了中原古老的生土构筑技艺，保留了大量优秀的建筑传统，成为古建筑技艺研究中的活化石。
Stockades imply the concept of unity of heaven and humanity and integrate safeguarding, production and living needs, agglomerated settlement with the awareness of advocating literacy and education. The exquisitely constructed and thoroughly planned stockades are laid out reasonably in the natural space, with some near the mountain and some by the river, in good harmony with natural environment. Stockades are in various structures with multiple and orderly inner space and superb decoration craft. Stockade architectural building skills, which embody dynamically Hakka architectural culture, carry on ancient earth construction skills in the Central Plains of China and reserve enormous glorious architectural traditions. It has become the living fossil for the researches on ancient architectural building skills.
据记载，明代成化十四年（1478），永定正式建县，县中的客家人"人文鹊起，甲第巍科为数郡冠"。由明末开始，永定客家人积极从事烟草生产和贸易，财源滚滚而来。这些文化和经济方面的突出成就成为永定客家土楼兴盛的精神和物质基础。
According to historical records, Yongding County was officially set up during the fourteenth year of the Chenghua period in Ming Dynasty (1478). The county witnessed many Hakkas living there rise to fame and the number of the top successful candidates who passed the imperial examination always ranked the first among neighboring counties. From the end of Ming Dynasty, Hakkas in Yongding County were engaged in production and tobacco trade, which made profits pour in from all sides. The significant achievements in culture and economy have become the physical and mental foundation for the prosperity of Yongding Hakka stockades.
在现代化和商品经济大潮的冲击下，永定地区居民的居住观念发生了变化，已不再建筑土楼。原有的永定客家土楼年久失修，建筑技艺的传承也出现危机，急需政府给予关注和支持，采取切实措施加以保护。
Under the impact of modernization and commodity economy boom, the residents in Yongding has changed their dwelling concept and no longer built stockades. The original Yongding Hakka stockades have long been out of repair and the succession of architectural building skills is facing a crisis. Therefore, governmental attention and support are in urgent need so that pragmatic measures can be taken for protection.
相关传承人：
Inheritor(s):
徐松生
Xu Songsheng