Yixing Zisha Ceramic Making Skills 宜兴紫砂陶制作技艺

时间：2006年
Time: 2006
类别：传统手工技艺
Category: Traditional Handicraft Skills
地区：江苏
Region: Jiangsu Province
编号：Ⅷ-1
Ref. No.: VIII-1
申报地区或单位：江苏省宜兴市
Nominating unit[s]: Yixing City, Jiangsu Province
宜兴手工紫砂陶技艺是指分布于江苏省宜兴市丁蜀镇的一种民间传统制陶技艺。该工艺产生于宋元，成熟于明代，迄今已有600年以上的历史。紫砂陶制作技艺举世无双，它以特产于宜兴的一种具有特殊团粒结构和双重气孔结构的紫砂泥料（具体有紫泥、朱泥、本山绿泥等多种）为原料，采用百种以上的自制工具，经过打泥片、拍打身筒（圆器）、镶接身筒（方器）或镶接与雕塑结合（花器）、表面修光、陶刻装饰等步骤最终完成陶制品。
Yixing zisha ceramic handicraft skills are traditional folk ceramic making skills applied in Dingshu Town, Yixing City, Jiangsu Province. The skills dated back to Song and Yuan dynasties and were full-fledged in Ming Dynasty, boasting a history of over 600 years. Zisha ceramic making skills are unique in the world. Zisha clay, indigenous to Yixing, mainly includes purple clay, red sandy clay and beige sandy clay. It has special granular structure and double pore structure, and is used as the raw material for making Zisha ceramic. The finished ceramic ware is obtained by undergoing slapping of clay slices, slapping of cylinder body (round ware), splicing of cylinder body (square ware) or combination of splicing and sculpture (ware with applied decoration), dressing, ceramic sculpture and decoration, with the use of hundreds of self-made tools.
宜兴紫砂陶制作技艺成品以茗壶为代表，其制器物件有光器（又分圆器和方器）、筋纹器和花器等不同的造型流派。紫砂器内外一般均不施釉，以纯天然质地和肌理为美。作为上品茶具，其良好的透气性能使人尽享茶之色香味，由是紫砂器与中国传统的茶文化相契合，成为茶文化的重要组成部分。
Finished products based on Yixing zisha ceramic making skills are represented by teapots, including plain teapots (round teapots and square teapots), segmented teapots, teapots with applied decoration, etc. Zisha clay products are so beautiful due to their unglazed surface of the inner and outer sides and purely natural texture. As top-grade teaware, the teapot has good air permeability, which allows the tea sippers to enjoy more the color, fragrance and flavor of the tea. Zisha teaware is therefore closely related to traditional Chinese tea culture, and becomes an important part of tea culture.
伴随着中国茶文化的发展，明代晚期以后，紫砂陶制作艺人经过长期探索，创造了陶刻、镶嵌（镶嵌金、银、玉石、色泥、螺钿、红木、瓷花等）、包锡、包漆、泥绘、粉彩、彩釉、珐琅彩、描余、浮雕、镂雕、绞泥、模印、贴饰等一系列装饰技艺。其中最具代表性的是陶刻，它是诗文、金石、书画、篆刻艺术与紫砂制作技艺的完美结合，深符中华民族传统的审美标准，尤与文人阶层的审美情趣相吻合。因此，紫砂技艺一直富有实用和艺术鉴赏的双重特色。经过千百年的传承，紫砂陶器的生存空间、技艺特征、衍生谱系、传统文化内涵等方面，迄今仍呈现良好的状态。
After the late Ming Dynasty, along with the development of tea culture in China, zisha ceramic maker created a series of decoration skills such as ceramic sculpture and inlay (inlay of gold, silver, jade, colored clay, mother-of-pearl, rosewood and ceramic flower, etc.), tinning, enameling, slip decoration, famille rose, colour ceramic glazing, colour enameling, tracing, embossment, piercing, clay twisting, molding, ornament attaching, etc. through exploration for a long period of time. The most representative skill therein is ceramic sculpture, which combines perfectly poems and essays, inscriptions, calligraphy and painting, seal cutting with zisha ceramic making skills. It deeply matches the Chinese traditional aesthetical standard, especially aesthetic taste of literati. Therefore, zisha ceramic making skill always has double characteristics, i.e. practicality and art appreciation. As the skills are handed down through hundreds of years, the development, craftsmanship characteristics, derivation pedigree and traditional cultural connotation of zisha ceramic ware have presented a good momentum or state so far.
但是，由于紫砂制陶的原料是一种稀缺矿产资源，目前已被过度开发和滥用。再加上产业化的影响，紫砂制陶精品越来越少，杰出的紫砂陶制作技艺受到了严重冲击，如何传承这一优秀的民间手工技艺已成为一个亟待解决的课题。
However, the raw material for zisha ceramic making, which is a rare mineral resource, has been overexploited and misused at present. In addition, industrialization influences the output of superb zisha ceramic products and has great impact on the outstanding zisha ceramic making skills. How to hand down these extraordinary folk handicraft skills becomes an issue to be solved urgently.
相关传承人：
Inheritor(s):
汪寅仙
Wang Yinxian