Jingdezhen Porcelain Handicraft Skills 景德镇手工制瓷技艺

时间2006年
Time: 2006
类别：传统手工技艺
Category: Traditional Handicraft Skills
地区：江西
Region: Jiangxi Province
编号：Ⅷ-7
Ref. No.: VIII-7
申报地区或单位：江西省景德镇市
Nominating unit[s]: Jingdezhen City, Jiangxi Province
在全国首批24座历史文化名城中，景德镇是惟一凭借自己的特产名列其中的。考古发掘表明，景德镇自五代开始生产瓷器，宋、元两代迅速发展，至明、清时在珠山设御厂，成为全国的制瓷中心。
Among the first 24 famous historic and cultural cities in China, Jingdezhen is the only one that wins the honor for its specialty products. Archaeological excavation shows that Jingdezhen porcelain manufacturing started in the period of the Five Dynasties, witnessed rapid development in Song and Yuan dynasties and became the national porcelain manufacturing center after a royal factory was set up in Zhushan.
景德镇手工制瓷技艺中重要的成型工序在宋代已初步建立。瓷业内部分工日益细化，普遍采用拉坯、印坯、利坯、修足、蘸釉、荡釉等技艺制作瓷坯，再采用匣钵仰烧、垫钵覆烧、支圈覆烧等技法进行装烧。到元代，又发明了瓷石加高岭土的"二元配方法"及青花釉下彩绘技术。明、清两代，景德镇制瓷业进一步发展，"共计一坯之力，过手七十二，方克成器。其中微细节目，尚不能尽也"，制瓷手工技艺体系基本完善，采矿、淘洗、制不、练泥、陈腐、拉坯、利坯、画坯、施釉、烧窑、画红、烧炉、选瓷、包装等工序环环紧扣，专业化程度日益提高，各方面都有身怀绝技的能工巧匠，景德镇手工制瓷业至此达到了历史的最高峰。
The major procedures of forming in Jingdezhen porcelain handicraft skills were primarily established in Song Dynasty. Labor division within this industry was increasingly intensified and porcelain bodies were manufactured mainly through the following skills: throwing, hand-pressing, fine trimming, undercutting, dipping and shaking, etc. Then the porcelain is loaded and fired by upward firing in a saggar, upside down firing on a saggar or a support ring. In Yuan Dynasty, the skill of "two element based formula", which consisted of porcelain stones and kaolin, and the skill of under-glaze decoration for blue and white were developed. Jingdezhen porcelain industry was further developed in Ming and Qing dynasties, as shown in a record saying that "a piece of petuntse can not be made into porcelain until it has gone through seventy-two procedures, which does not cover all the manufacturing details however." The system of porcelain handicraft skills was basically complete at that time. All of the procedures, such as mineral collecting, elutriation, zhiden, pugging, ageing, throwing, fine trimming, printing, glazing, firing in kiln, drawing patterns, firing in furnace, porcelain selection and packaging were arranged in an orderly sequence. Professional level was increasingly improved and there were talented handicraftsmen with superior skills in every segment of the industry. Jingdezhen porcelain manufacturing came to a climax in history.
景德镇瓷业习俗是景德镇制瓷历史的重要组成部分。景德镇在宋代出现"村村窑火，户户陶埏"的景观，瓷业习俗已具雏形。明、清以后，珠山御厂的设立和海外市场的进一步扩大刺激了景德镇制瓷业的蓬勃发展，致使几乎所有散落在乡村的小窑作坊都集中到城区，形成众多的手工业工场，吸纳了大量从业人员，"窑户与铺户当十之七八，土著十之二三"。
The convention of Jingdezhen porcelain industry is a significant part of Jingdezhen porcelain manufacturing history. In Song Dynasty, a flourishing scene of "porcelain is fired in every household of every village" appeared in Jingdezhen and porcelain industry convention was basically established. After Ming and Qing dynasties, the industry was boosted by the establishment of a royal factory in Zhushan and further expansion of overseas market. Almost all small kiln workshops in rural areas were moved to be concentrated in the town area. Many handicraft factories sprang up like mushrooms and engaged a number of practitioners, as shown in a record saying that "kiln owners or porcelain shop owners account for 70% to 80% of the town inhabitants and aborigines for 20% to 30%."
景德镇由此成为"五方杂处"、有"十八省码头"之称的陶瓷大都会，为瓷业习俗的最终形成奠定了坚实的基础。
Jingdezhen thus became a porcelain metropolis that was called "a place wher all kinds of people live" and "the dock for eighteen provinces". The prosperity laid a solid foundation for the formation of porcelain industry convention.
民国时期，景德镇瓷业习俗的突出表现是客籍瓷商队伍的不断壮大及瓷行、瓷庄和瓷号的大量涌现。各商帮都有自己的瓷行、瓷庄或瓷号，他们加强了景德镇与外地的联系，也操纵了景德镇瓷器的运销。随之而来的各地风俗习惯给景德镇瓷业习俗增添了新的内涵。
During the period of the Republic of China, the convention was mainly reflected in the increasing number of guesting porcelain traders as well as porcelain companies, stores and firms. Every commercial group had its own porcelain company, store or firm. These groups strengthened the tie between Jingdezhen and the outside world and also manipulated the transport and sales of Jingdezhen porcelain. Accompanying customs of different regions also enriched the connotation of Jingdezhen porcelain industry convention.
建国以后，随着政治、经济的变革和瓷业机械化生产的不断发展，景德镇瓷业习俗开始淡化，现已濒临消亡。景德镇传统的制瓷手工艺虽然得到部分保留与发展，但其中的一大部分仍在不断地流失和消亡，亟待抢救和保护。
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, with political and economic changes as well as the deepening of the mechanization of porcelain manufacturing, the Jingdezhen porcelain industry convention is losing its influence and at the edge of dying out. While part of traditional Jingdezhen porcelain handicraft skills is kept and developed, most of them are being lost and dying out. The skills are in urgent need for saving and protection.
相关传承人：
Inheritor(s):
陈圣发 曹开永 王炎生
Chen Shengfa, Cao Kaiyong, and Wang Yansheng