Uyghur Nationality Decorated Carpet and Cloth Printing Skills 维吾尔族花毡、印花布织染技艺

时间：2006年
Time: 2006
类别：传统手工技艺
Category: Traditional Handicraft Skills
地区：新疆
Region: Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
编号：Ⅷ-23
Ref. No.: VIII-23
申报地区或单位：新疆维吾尔自治区吐鲁番地区
Nominating unit[s]: Turfan, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
新疆维吾尔族的织造、印染技艺有着悠久的历史，其中以花毡和印染花布最为著名。按照维吾尔族的传统习俗，居室内目光所及之处都要精心装饰，羊毛毡就是进行居室装饰的传统手工艺品之一。它主要用于铺炕、铺地、拜垫和壁挂等，直到十多年前仍在广泛使用。目前虽已不多见，但少数睡土炕的人家也还在使用。
The Uyghur nationality boasts a long history of weaving and printing skills, and its decorated carpet and printed cloth are the most well-known. According to customs of the Uyghur nationality, every place in the house wher one's eyesight can reach must be well decorated, and woolen felt is one of the traditional handicrafts used for interior decoration. It is mainly used for covering kang (a traditional long sleeping platform ) or the floor, or as worship mats or wall hangings. Until more than a decade ago, it was still widely used. Although it is rarely seen today, a small number of families that sleep on the adobe kang are still using it.
花毡的种类很多，包括压制花毡、印染花毡、彩绘花毡和刺绣花毡等。花毡的纹样及印花布纹样约有百余种，其中既有受汉文化影响的"寿"字纹、回文、博古纹，也有阿拉伯风格的几何和花卉纹样及维吾尔族独特的日常用品和工具纹样，还有伊斯兰教风格的净壶、圣龛等纹样，甚至还有古代西域流传的一些纹样。花毡纹样图案丰富、色彩鲜艳，反映了维吾尔族人民的生活状态及外来文化、汉文化交流的悠久历史，有着很高的人文和艺术价值。
There are a good variety of decorated carpets, including pressed decorated carpet, printed decorated carpet, carpet decorated with colored patterns, and carpet decorated with embroideries. There are around one hundred kinds of patterns for decorated carpets and printed cloth, among which there are "shou" (meaning longevity) character pattern, meander pattern and bogu pattern, which reflect the influence of the Han culture, and Arabic style geometric and floral patterns, and unique patterns of daily-use articles and instruments, and also Islamic style patterns like pot and prayer niche, and even some patterns that were once used in ancient western regions. Patterns of the decorated carpets are numerous and are bright colored. They reflect Uyghur people's living state and Uyghur nationality's long history of exchanges with foreign cultures and the Han culture, and thus possess fairly high cultural and artistic value.
维吾尔族的印染技艺以花布彩印为主，有刻版印染、扎染和木模戳印等种类，其中流传最广、使用最多、历史最久的是木模戳印技艺。人们长期使用彩印花布作为棉袍衬里、腰巾、罩单、窗帘、门帘、尘垫套、壁挂、礼拜单、墙围布和炕围布。
The printing skills of the Uyghur nationality are mainly applied to figured cloth color printing, including stencil printing, tie dyeing, wood mould stamping, etc. Among these skills, the one which is most widely spread, most widely used, and has the longest history is the skill of wood mould stamping. People has long used colored printed cloth as lining of cotton wadded robe, waist band, dust sheet, curtain, door curtain, dust mat cover, wall hangings, worship calendar, wall covering cloth and kang covering cloth.
木模戳印技艺是用雕刻了图案的木模蘸上各种天然植物、矿物染料，戳印到手工纺织的土白布上，使多种不同的木模图案组合在一起，形成彩印花布。广大民间艺人自己设计、制作的彩印花布绚丽多姿，有的制作精细，堪称艺术珍品。木模戳印花布有一百多种纹样，不拘一格，丰富多彩。但这些纹样中却没有人物和动物形象，这是受伊斯兰教不得表现有灵魂物体的教规禁约所致。
The skill of wood mould stamping realizes the combination of multiple different wood mould patterns by dipping wood moulds, on which patterns are carved, in various natural plant and mineral dyes and stamping them on the hand weaved plain white cloth, thus producing colored printed cloth. The colored printed cloths designed and made by the broad folk artists themselves are indeed beautiful and brightly colored. Some of the colored printed cloths are made so exquisite that it is not at all an overstatement to call them art treasures. The cloths printed by using the wood mould stamping skill have more than a hundred colorful patterns that follow no set form. However, due to the bans set out in the Islamic canon that no spiritual objects shall be displayed; there are no human and animal images.
制作花毡和彩印花布都是维吾尔族人民世代相传的传统手工技艺。20世纪80年代以来，人们的居住条件逐步改善，生活方式也发生相应的改变，由此导致花毡逐渐消失，新疆城乡居民大多已搬进新居，也不再需要墙围布、炕围布，彩印花布在维吾尔族生活中的用途正在减少，在市场上已乏人问津。在此情势下，花毡和彩印花布艺人纷纷改行转业，他们的子孙也不再继承这一古老的技艺。目前在世的老艺人大多已到暮年，古老的手工技艺面临着人亡艺绝的局面，急需抢救和保护。
The traditional handicraft skills of making decorated carpets and colored printed cloths are passed on from generation to generation by Uyghur people. Since 1980s, with gradual improvement of people's housing conditions, people's lifestyle has correspondingly changed, resulting in gradual disappearance of decorated carpets. Most Uyghur urban and rural population moved into new houses and no longer needed the wall covering cloth or kang covering cloth. The color-printed cloth's role in people's life had been declining that people rarely bought it or even asked for it in the market. Under such circumstance, those artists that made decorated carpets and color-printed cloths successively changed their profession, and their offspring no longer inherited these skills. At present, those old artists who are still alive are all in their twilight years, these ancient handicraft skills are in danger of being lost and need urgent saving and protection.
相关传承人：
Inheritor(s):
牙生·阿不都热合曼
Yasen Abdurahman
尧尔达西·阿洪
Yordasi A'hong
买特肉孜·买买提
Metroza Mehmet