Yaozhou Kiln Ceramic Firing and Manufacturing Skills 耀州窑陶瓷烧制技艺

时间：2006年
Time: 2006
类别：传统手工技艺
Category: Traditional Handicraft Skills
地区：陕西
Region: Shaanxi Province
编号：Ⅷ-8
Ref. No.: VIII-8
申报地区或单位：陕西省铜川市
Nominating unit[s]: Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province
耀州窑在唐代就是中国陶瓷烧制的著名产地，宋代更进一步达到鼎盛，成为我国"六大窑系"中最大的一个窑系，其产品则成为北方青瓷的代表。耀州窑以铜川黄堡镇为中心窑场，沿漆河两岸密集布陈，史称"十里陶坊"。同时还有立地、上店村、陈炉镇、玉华村等窑场，依次排列，绵延百里。经过金元兵灾及各朝代的动荡变迁，各陶场均已停烧，惟有陈炉镇延续至今，成为西北地区的制瓷重镇。陈炉镇11个村庄几乎家家烧瓷，被誉为"陈炉不夜"。中华人民共和国成立后，全镇作坊并为国营陶瓷厂。20世纪70年代，在李国桢等专家的帮助下，恢复了耀州窑的传统技艺，生产出耀州青瓷、黑釉及剔花瓷、白釉及剔花瓷、兰花瓷、铁锈花瓷、花釉等六大系列陶瓷，成为铜川市的支柱产业。
Yaozhou kiln was well known for kiln ceramic firing and manufacturing in Tang Dynasty and reached its peak period in Song Dynasty, becoming the largest kiln type among the six major kiln types with its products becoming the representative of northern celadon. For Yaozhou kiln, with Huangpu Town, Tongchuan City as a center, kiln factories spread along Qihe River and were called "ten-li long ceramic workshops". Besides, there were kiln factories arranged in proper order in Lidi, Shangdian Village, Chenlu Town and Yuhua Village, stretching for hundreds of miles. After the wars in Jin and Yuan dynasties and upheavals in the following dynasties, all the kiln factories had stopped kiln ceramic firing and manufacturing and only kiln factories in Chenlu Town survived to the present, becoming an important town of ceramic manufacturing in northwest China. Nearly all households in 11 villages in Chenlu Town were engaged in ceramic firing and Chenlu Town was regarded as "an ever-bright town". All ceramic workshops in Chenlu Town were incorporated into a state-owned ceramic factory after the founding of the People's Republic of China. In the 1970s, with the help of Li Guozhen and other experts, the traditional skills of Yaozhou kiln were recovered, producing ceramics of six major categories, namely Yaozhou celadon, black-glazed carved ceramics, white-glazed carved ceramics, blue and white porcelain, iron rust ceramics and fancy glaze. Yaozhou kiln ceramic became the pillar industry of Tongchuan City.
耀州窑的传统工艺主要体现在原料的采配、成分及加工，泥料的储备及练揉，手工拉坯及修坯，手工雕花、刻花、划花、贴花、印花，釉药的选配、制备及敷施，匣钵、窑具的制作及装窑，火焰气氛及烧成等七个方面。一件制品完成要经过采料、精选、风化、配比、粑泥、陈腐、熟泥、揉泥、手拉坯、修坯、釉料精选、配制、施釉、手工装饰（雕、刻、贴、印）、窑具制作、装窑、烧窑等17道工序。各工序都有相应的技术要求，掌握相关技艺的人被称为"匠人"。
The traditional crafts of Yaozhou kiln are mainly reflected in seven aspects, namely the preparation, proportioning and processing of raw materials, storage and kneading of clay, hand throwing and trimming, hand carving, engraving, incising, decaling and stamping, the selection, preparation and application of glaze, manufacturing of saggar and kiln furniture and loading, and flame atmosphere and firing. A finished product has to go through 17 processes, namely material selection, screening, weathering, proportioning, clay mixing, aging, finished clay material making, kneading, hand throwing, trimming, glaze selection, preparation, application, hand decoration, (carving, engraving, decaling and stamping), kiln furniture manufacturing, loading of kiln and firing. There are relevant technical requirements for each process and people mastering these skills are called "craftsman".
近20年来，在现代化工业产品的冲击下，陈炉镇的陶瓷业一度萧条，加之年轻人纷纷出外打工，年纪大的"匠人"相继去世，使得流传了一千多年的传统陶瓷技艺面临着后继无人的危险，急需抢救。
In the recent 20 years, under the impact of modern industrial products, the ceramic industry of Chenlu Town was in downturn period. The outgoing of young people to seek job elsewher and death of old craftsmen have made the over 1000 years' traditional ceramic firing and manufacturing skills face the predicament of no inheritors. Protection is in urgent need.
相关传承人：
Inheritor(s):
孟树峰
Meng Shufeng