Liaoning guyue (Drum Music) 辽宁鼓乐

时间：2006年
Time: 2006
类别：民间音乐
Category: Folk Music
地区：辽宁
Region: Liaoning Province
编号：II-39
Ref. No.: II-39
申报地区或单位：辽宁省
Nominating unit[s]: Liaoning Province
辽宁鼓乐自古以来就十分盛行，曾对东北各地的鼓乐产生过深远影响。辽宁省辽阳市出土的汉魏时期古墓壁画中就有古代的鼓吹演奏图，并且题有"鼓吹演跌欢戏"六字。
Since ancient times, Liaoning guyue (wind and percussion ensemble) has been extremely prevalent. It once imposed far-reaching influence on wind and percussion music in many places of Northeast China. This can be proved by a fresco unearthed from ancient tombs of the Han and Wei Dynasties in Liaoyang City. It is an ancient drawing of wind and percussion music performance and inscribed with six characters - 鼓(Drum), 吹(Blow), 演(Perform), 跌(Tumble), 欢(Joy) and 戏(Play).
辽宁鼓乐早期为笙管乐，明清时期加入了唢呐乐，清代中叶乐队定型并趋于成熟。从曲目上看，它保留了少部分唐宋曲牌，大部分则是元明南北曲和明清曲牌；从结构上看，鼓乐曲体十分严谨，每一类乐曲都有一定的结构模式，板数规定十分严格。特别是其中的汉曲、大牌子曲，有着明显的唐代大曲和宋代曲破的结构痕迹。从某些乐曲的音调上看，辽宁鼓乐曲明显地受到了北方少数民族（如契丹、女真）音乐的影响。在乐调方面，辽宁鼓乐用借字手法形成的"三十五调"实际是滥觞于唐宋的"移宫换调"，属"燕乐二十八调"的余绪。此外，辽宁鼓乐中唢呐的七种调名称谓为研究唢呐形制的发展演变提供了重要线索。
Liaoning guyue originated from the Sheng (a wind pipe instrument) music, enriched by adding Suona (Chinese clarinet) music in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, took shape in bands and gradually matured in the middle period of the Qing Dynasty. As for its repertoires, the majority are music from southern and northern regions in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties or of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, while only a few are those retained from the Tang and Song Dynasties. This can be concluded from its names of the tunes (Qupai) to which Qu (music) are composed. In respect of musical form, Liaoning guyue is pretty rigorous with a fixed layout for each kind, and the number of its accented beats is also under serious specification. Particularly, Han Qu (one kind of folk music collected by a government office in the Han Dynasty) and Dapaizi Qu (music with a series of Qupai) obviously reflect the structures of Daqu (grand songs and dance music) in the Tang Dynasty and Qupo (music without lyrics or dance inserted into Daqu) in the Song Dynasty. In a view of tones, some works show great effects on Liaoning guyue posed by the music of ancient northern minorities such as Qidan and Nvzhen. As for modes of music, Liaoning guyue formed "the thirty-five modes" by means of Jiezi (based on pentatonic scale, vary the pitches of original melodies during performance so as to transform the mode). Indeed, such derivation method is "Yi Gong Huan Diao" (change the pitch of Gong (one of the traditional five Chinese tunes and serves as the basic tune) to vary the mode) and those "thirty-five modes" pertain to the carry-overs of "Yanyue Music twenty-eight modes". Additionally, the appellations of seven tunes of Suona in Liaoning guyue have provided important clues for the researches on the evolution of the form and layout of Suona music.
辽宁鼓乐先后产生了一批技艺高超的传承人如王文州、王国卿、王国全、刘永年、刘永庆、刘宝善等，他们不仅在本地教授徒弟，而且还向外地传艺，由此促进了辽宁乃至东北三省民间鼓乐的普遍传承。常用曲目有《工尺上》、《梅花调》、《上菜曲》、《句句双》、《桂枝花》。
Generation by generation, there emerged a group of highly-skilled successors to the Liaoning guyue. They are Wang Wenzhou, Wang Guoqing, Wang Guoquan, Liu Yongnian, Liu Yongqing, Liu Baoshan and so forth. These successors not only accept and teach apprentices in Liaoning Province, but also pass on this art in other places beyond this province. In this sense, they promote the promulgation of Liaoning guyue even across the three major provinces of Northeast China. Their commonly-performed repertoires include "Gong Chi Shang (or Above the Kung-Chih)", "Mei Hua Diao (or Notes of Plum Blossom)", "Shang Cai Qu (Serving Melody"), "Ju Ju Shuang" and "Gui Zhi Hua (or Cassia Twig and Flower)".
目前，辽宁鼓乐依然盛行不衰，但演奏的传统曲目已经日渐减少，尤其是大牌子曲和汉曲，能完整演奏者寥寥无几，出现了鼓乐活动兴盛而传统乐曲却走向濒危的尴尬局面，需要有关方面加以保护。
Despite unfading prevalence of Liaoning guyue, the number of traditional works performed now is edging down. What's worse, few performers are competent to the extent that they can completely perform music of Dapaizi Qu or Han Qu. It is awkward that there are many Liaoning guyue events while its traditional works are on the verge of extinction. So, it requires protection from relevant departments and parties.
相关传承人：
Inheritor:
刘振义
Liu Zhenyi