Uyghur Nationality Earth Pottery Moulding, Firing and Production Skills 维吾尔族模制法土陶烧制技艺

时间：2006年
Time: 2006
类别：传统手工技艺
Category: Traditional Handicraft Skills
地区：新疆
Region: Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
编号：Ⅷ-6
Ref. No: VIII-6
申报地区或单位：新疆维吾尔自治区英吉沙县、喀什市、吐鲁番地区
Nominating unit[s]:
Yengisar County, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
Kashgar City, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
Turfan City, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
维吾尔族模制法土陶烧制技艺有两千多年的历史，它随着丝绸之路的开通而兴起，其间不断发展创新，一直流传至今。它以手口方式传承，没有详细的文字记录。
Having a history of more than 2000 years, Uyghur nationality earth pottery moulding, and firing and production skills took shape with the formation of the Silk Road and have been passed down till now through continuous development and innovation. No detailed written records are available now since the skills are passed down by word of mouth or show-how.
现喀什市古则尔社区下属的阔子其亚尔比西居民区是世世代代从事土陶作业的地方。这里的土壤为粘土，是制陶的重要原料。土陶制作者即利用这种粘土制陶，不经任何加工，不添加配料，以水和泥制成器皿状，再涂以不同颜色，烧成光泽美观的生活用品。
Nowadays, the residential area of Kuoziqiyaerbixi District, which is under the administration of Guze'er Community of Kashgar City has been the place for earth pottery manufacturing for generations. The soil there is clay, an important raw material for pottery manufacturing. Earth pottery workers use clay to manufacture pottery without any processing and any other ingredients. Utensils, made of water and mud, are fired into shiny and beautiful daily articles decorated with different colors.
英吉沙县也是维吾尔族制陶的重要地区，长期以来其制品远销南疆各地。其产品造型精美、古朴，具有典型的维吾尔风格。英吉沙的土陶分为素陶和琉璃陶两类，都以黄泥制坯，素陶是直接烧制的，琉璃陶则成坯施釉后再烧。因釉料有铝、黑铁渣、石英石、红土等不同成分，故烧成后有深绿、浅绿、棕色、白色、土黄、土红、奶黄等颜色。
Yengisar County is also an important area for pottery manufacturing of Uyghur nationality, with its products sold well to the south of Xinjiang. Its pottery boasts exquisite shape, archaic feature and typical Uyghur style. Earth pottery in Yengisar County has two categories: unglazed pottery and glazed pottery, both of which are made of yellow mud with the former one directly fired and the latter one fired after being glazed. As the glaze material consists of different compositions such as aluminum, iron slag, quartz and red soil, diversified colors like dark green, light green, brown, white, yellowish brown, carmine and milk yellow are generated after firing process.
吐鲁番地区的维吾尔族模制法土陶烧制同样历史悠久，吐鲁番维吾尔族土陶器可分为素陶、素釉陶和彩釉陶三种。制作工序有备土、和泥、闷泥、揉泥、造型、上釉、烧制、加工等，成品的造型、风格别具特色。
Earth pottery moulding, firing and production skills in Turfan City also have a long history and fall into three categories, i.e. unglazed pottery, plain glazed pottery and color glazed pottery. The manufacturing process includes clay preparation, clay mixing, clay sealing, kneading, shaping, glazing, firing and processing and its products are characterized by distinctive shapes and unique styles.
这些土陶器及其技艺是丝绸之路上东西方交流的物证，不少作品明显带有佛教文化的印迹，同时又有鲜明的阿拉伯风格，深入研究维吾尔族制陶技艺，可以帮助人们了解当年中西文化交流的情况。
These earth potteries and skills are material proof of the exchanges between the east and the west on the Silk Road. Many products carry Buddhist culture traces and vivid Arabic styles. In-depth research can be made on Uyghur nationality earth pottery moulding, firing and production skills to help people understand cultural exchanges between China and the western world in those years.
随着社会经济与文化的迅速发展，土陶器在人们日常生活中使用得越来越少，致使品种骤减，如吐鲁番就从百种减为寥寥数种，花色也由繁变简。除花盆、花缸以外，土陶器基本退出了人们的生活。因为受到市场经济的冲击，土陶匠人大都闲置了祖传手艺，年轻一代也无心学习和传承传统烧制技艺。1949年前，喀什市阔子其亚尔比西居民区从事土陶手艺的匠人有一百多户，如今仅剩11户，其中工匠只有17人。面对这种形势，必须迅速采取措施对维吾尔族模制法土陶烧制进行抢救和保护。
With the rapid development of social economy and culture, earth potteries are hardly used in people's daily life. As a result, varieties are drastically decreasing. Earth potteries in Turfan City are decreasing from hundreds of types to only a few types, and designs and colors are going from complexity to simplicity. Except for flower pots and flower vases, earth potteries have basically disappeared from human's life. Under the impact of market economy, the old craftsmen have put their hereditary skills aside and the young generation has no interest in learning and inheriting traditional skills. Before 1949, there were more than 100 families engaged in earth pottery production in the residential area of Kuoziqiyaerbixi residential area of Kashgar City and there are now only 11 families still in this trade with a total of 17 craftsmen. Under this context, urgent measures must be taken to save and protect Uyghur nationality earth pottery moulding, firing and production skills.
相关传承人：
Inheritor(s):
阿不都热合曼·买买提明
Abdurahman Memetiming