Changde Sixian 常德丝弦

时间：2006年
Time: 2006
类别：曲艺
Category: Recitative, story-telling
地区：湖南
Region: Hunan Province
编号：Ⅴ—27
Ref. No.: V-27
申报地区或单位：湖南省常德市
Nominating unit[s]: Changde City, Hunan Province
常德丝弦是湖南曲种湖南丝弦的重要分支，因在湖南丝弦中最为发达，影响最大，已然具有了独立曲种的地位。
Changde sixian (or Changde silk string) is a major branch of sixian, a folk music type prevalent in Hunan Province. Of sixian styles in Hunan, it is the most developed and influential one, and has secured the title of an independent folk art form.
湖南丝弦流传于湖南各地，因用扬琴、琵琶、月琴、三弦、二胡、京胡等丝弦乐器伴奏而得名。它系由江浙一带流入湖南的时调小曲和湖南本地的民歌曲调融合发展而成，时间约在清代初年。这个曲种用湖南方音表演，在湖南各地的流传中又形成了以常德为中心的“常德丝弦”、以长沙为中心的“长沙丝弦”、以浏阳为中心的“浏阳丝弦”、以平江为中心的“平江丝弦”、以衡阳为中心的“衡阳丝弦”和以邵阳为中心的“邵阳丝弦”等各具特色的支派，其中以“常德丝弦”最为繁盛。
Hunan sixian, popular in various areas of Hunan Province, gets its name for being accompanied by silk-string instruments, like Chinese dulcimer，Pipa (a plucked string instrument with a fretted fingerboard), Yueqin (a four-stringed plucked instrument with a full-moon-shaped sound box), Sanxian (a three-stringed plucked instrument), Erhu (a two-stringed bowed instrument), Jinghu (a two-stringed bowed instrument with a high register) ,etc. It is formed by integrating popular modes and ditties spread from Jiangsu Province and Zhejiang Province with local folk music of Hunan Province around the early Qing Dynasty. This folk art, performed in Hunan direct, gradually generates various schools with their own characteristics while being passed down from generation to generation in various areas of Hunan Province. These schools include Changde sixian centered on Changde City, Changsha sixian centered on Changsha City, Liuyang sixian centered on Liuyang City, Pingjiang sixian centered on Pingjiang County, Hengyang sixian centered on Hengyang City and Shaoyang sixian centered on Shaoyang City, among which, Changde sixian is the most flourishing one.
包括常德丝弦在内的湖南丝弦的传统表演形式为多人分持扬琴、鼓板、京胡、二胡、三弦和琵琶等围坐一圈，轮递说唱，座次及乐器的位置均有一定之规，所谓“扬琴对鼓板，京胡对二胡，三弦对琵琶”，表演以唱为主，间有道白。道白分“表白”（第三人称）、“说白”（第一人称）、对白和插白4种，多为散文体式，偶有韵白。节目则多为《西厢记》、《二度梅》、《秦香莲》等长篇传奇故事。后来湖南丝弦走上高台，变为一至二人以简板等打节拍站唱，另有多人分持扬琴、鼓板、京胡、二胡、三弦和琵琶等专司伴奏，节目也趋于精短，代表性的有《秋江》、《追韩信》、《徐策跑城》、《四季相思》等。
Hunan sixian, including Changde sixian, is performed by a band consisting of several people who sit down in a circle, with Chinese dulcimer, clappers, Jinghu, Erhu, Sanxian, Pipa or other instruments in their hands, narrating and singing alternately. Its seating arrangement and instrument placement are governed by certain rules, that is, “Yanqin is opposite to clapper; Jinghu to Erhu; Sanxian to Pipa”. The priority was given to singing with spoken parts from time to time. The spoken parts are classified into four types, i.e. “asides” (third person), “monologues” (first person), dialogues, and monologues interposed. Most of spoken parts are prose-style, with regular and rhymed spoken parts from time to time. Most shows of Hunan sixian are such long romances as The Romance of West Chamber (or Xi Xiang Ji), Plum flowers Comes into Bloom Secondly (or Er Du Mei), Qin Xianglian and so on. Over time, Hunan sixian has been performed on the stage, and its performance form is changed to one or two people stands and sings, keeping musical time with Jianban (a wooden percussion instruments), and several people play the dulcimer, clappers, Jinghu, Erhu, Sanxian, Pipa, etc. for accompaniment. Its shows are changed into shorter and more concise, and the representative ones are The Rowing of a Ferryboat Cross a River (or Qiu Jiang), Going after Hanxin (or Zhui Han Xin), Xu Ce Running up to Fortress Besieged(or Xu Ce Pao Cheng), Pining with Love in Four Seasons (or Si Ji Xiang Si) and so on.
湖南丝弦的唱腔音乐丰富多彩，根据所用的唱腔体式可分为“牌子丝弦”和“板子丝弦”两类。其中的“牌子丝弦”以演唱曲牌为主，曲调非常丰富，有源于南北曲的【普天乐】、【清江引】、【一支花】、【小桃红】等，有源于明清之际时调小曲的【银纽丝】、【九连环】、【倒搬桨】、【四大景】等，也有源于其他地方曲种和民歌的【莲花落】、【凤阳调】、【斗把高腔】、【安庆调】等。“板子丝弦”又分为“老路”和“川路”两种声腔风格，“老路”为常德一带流行的本地唱法，风格深沉浑厚，代表性的节目有《雪梅吊孝》和《清风亭》等；“川路”相传在民国初期由四川艺人万斌成传来，风格热烈开朗，演唱俏皮风趣，代表性的节目有《拷红》等。“板子丝弦”的基本唱腔板式有【一流】、【二流】、【三流】等3种。
Hunan sixian’s vocal music part is diverse in content and style, and it can be classified into “Paizi sixian” and “Banzi sixian” by vocal music style. The priority isgiven to Qupai (tunes) in “Paizi sixian”, and tunes are very rich, including [Pu Tian Le], [Qing Jiang Yin], [Yi Zhi Hua], [Xiao Tao Hong], which are from southern and northern drama music; [Yin Niu Si], [Jiu Lian Huan], [Dao Ban Jiang], [Si Da Jing], which are from popular modes and ditties of the period of the Ming and Qing Dynasty; [Lian Hua Luo], [Fengyang Recitative], [Doubagao Recitative], [Anqing Recitative], which are from folk arts and folk songs of other regions. “Banzi sixian” is classified into two types of tune, “Lao Lu” and “Chuan Lu”. “Lao Lu” is a popular local singing method of Changde City, sounds deep and vigorous, and the representative works are Qin Xuemei Mourns for the Death (or Xue Mei Diao Xiao) and Qingfeng Pavilion(or Qing Feng Ting), etc. “Chuan Lu” is said to be brought by Wan Bincheng, an artist from Sichuan, in the early years of the Chinese Republic．It sounds witty and funny, with an optimistic and enthusiastic style, and its representative repertories are Interrogating the Matchmaker (or Kao Hong) and so on. The basic rhythmic patterns of "Banzi sixian” are Yi Liu, Er Liu and San Liu.
常德丝弦拥有一百多个传统曲目，大部分取材于历史故事和民间传说，其中以《宝玉哭灵》、《鲁智深醉打山门》、《双下山》、《王婆骂鸡》、《昭君出塞》等最为著名。中华人民共和国成立后，又涌现出《新事多》、《夸货郎》、《风雪探亲人》等一批反映现实生活的新曲目。
There are more than one hundred traditional items in the repertoire of Changde sixian, and most are based on history stories and folklores. Among others, Jia Baoyu crying for the death of Lin Daiyu (or Baoyu Ku Ling), Drunken Lu Zhishen breaking into the Temple (or Lu Zhishen Zui Da Shan Men), The Love Story of A Nun and A Monk (or Shuang Xia Shan), Mrs Wang Cursing the Thieves Who Stole Her Chicken (or Wang Po Ma Ji) and Zhaojun Outside the Frontier (or Zhaojun Chu Sai) are the most famous. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, some repertoires which reflect modern real life emerged, including Many New things (or Xin Shi Duo), Praising Peddlers (or Kua Huo Lang), Visiting Family Members in a Blizzard (or Feng Xue Tan Qin Ren).
常德丝弦有鲜明的地方特色和乡土气息，艺术价值较高。但因20世纪80年代以来缺少专业表演团体，加上老一辈丝弦艺人相继辞世，目前已面临失传的危险，亟待抢救和保护。
Changde sixian features a relatively high artistic value, distinctive local characteristics and flavor. Due to shortage of professional troupes since the 1980s and death of older sixian artists, however, Changde sixian is in danger of dying out and needs to be protected and preserved without delay.
相关传承人：
Inheritor(s):
谌晓辉 朱晓玲
Chen Xiaohui and Zhu Xiaoling