Shandong Dagu (‘Big Drum’ Recitative) 山东大鼓

时间：2006年

Time: 2006

类别：曲艺

Category: Recitative, story-telling

地区：山东

Region: Shandong Province

编号：Ⅴ-4

Ref. No.: V-4

申报地区或单位：山东省

Nominating unit[s]: Shandong Province

山东大鼓是我国北方现存最早的曲艺鼓书暨鼓曲形式，相传形成于明代末期，已有三百五十多年的历史。它发源于鲁西北农村，又名"犁铧大鼓"，或作"梨花大鼓最初只是敲击犁铧碎片伴奏，采用山东方言来演唱当地的民歌小调，后逐渐发展为有板式变化的成套唱腔、敲击矮脚鼓和特制的半月形梨花片并有三弦伴奏的说唱表演形式。

Shandong Dagu ('Big Drum' Recitative) is the earliest one of the existing folk art forms of drum music and recitative in North China. It is said that it took form in the late Ming Dynasty, with a history of more than 350 years. It, also known as Ploughshare dagu or Pear Blossom dagu, was originally developed by folks in rural areas in northwest Shandong Province. It was initially performed in Shandong dialects, accompanied by percussion of ploughshares. Later, it gradually evolved into a narrating and singing show, featuring a complete set of vocal music with variable beats, and employing accompanying instruments like Aijiaogu (a type of drum), special lunate Lihuapian and three-stringed lyre.

清末以前，山东大鼓一直活跃于农村，著名艺人有郭老占、何老凤、范其凤、李老凤等，以后白妞（王小玉）、黑妞进入城市演唱，女艺人大量增加。享盛名的有上半截、下半截、盖山东、白菜心、郭大妮等。20世纪30年代以后享名曲坛的是所谓的"四大玉"，即谢大玉、李大玉、赵大玉、孙大玉。之后，杜大桂、姬素英、鹿巧玲相继而起，山东大鼓流传地区由山东城乡扩展到徐州、南京、上海、郑州、洛阳、汉口、重庆，北至北京、天津和东北各地，盛极一时。

Shandong Dagu was quite popular in rural areas before the end of Qing Dynasty. Famous artisans highly skilled in this art included Guo Laozhan, He Laofeng, Fan Qifeng, Li Laofeng, etc. Later, Bainiu (Wang Xiaoyu) and Heiniu performed in the urban area. The quantity of female artisans had been increased substantially. Those well-known female artisans included Shangbanjie, Xiabanjie, Gaishandong, Baicaixin, Guo Dani, etc. After the 1930s, the so-called "Four Dayu" (Sidayu), namely, Xie Dayu, Li Dayu, Zhao Dayu, and Sun Dayu were enjoying great popularity. Later, Du Dagui, Ji Suying and Lu Qiaoling became famous one after another. Shandong 'Big Drum' Recitative had reached its peak, spreading from urban and rural areas in Shandong Province to Xuzhou, Nanjing, Shanghai, Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Hankou, Chongqing, as well as Beijing, Tianjin and various places in the northeast China in the north.

山东大鼓传统节目繁多，已知有中篇《三全镇》、《金锁镇》、《大破孟州》、《大送嫁》、《范孟亭推车》等数十部；短篇段儿书尤为丰富，以《三国》题材的唱段最多，有《东岭关》、《长坂坡》、《河北寻兄》等六十余段；其次是《红楼梦》题材的唱段，有《黛玉葬花》、《宝玉探病》等十余段；《水浒》唱段有《李逵夺鱼》、《燕青打擂》等。另外还有一些根据戏曲故事、民间传说故事编写的唱段，以及由子弟书移植过来的唱段等，共计二百余段。中华人民共和国成立后，还编演了不少新节目。

It has plenty of traditional programs, including about ten medium-length arias such as Sanquan Town (or San Quan Zhen), Jinsuo Town (or Jin Suo Zhen), Great Victory in Mengzhou (or Da Po Meng Zhou), Bridal Chaperoning (or Da Song Jia), and Fan Mengting Pushing the Cart (Fan Meng Ting Tui Che). The short-length arias are extremely abundant: Roman of Three Kingdoms-themed arias rank the most, including over 60 arias such as Dongling Pass (or Dong Ling Guan), Chang Ban Po, Looking for Brother in Hebei Province (or He Bei Xun Xiong); A Dream of Red Mansions -themed arias rank the second, which includes over 10 arias such as Burying the Flower (or Dai Yu Zang Hua) and Visiting the Sick (or Bao Yu Tan Bing). Besides, arias themed with Water Margin include Taking Fish by Force (or Li Kui Duo Yu), Facing the Challenge (or Yan Qing Da Lei), etc. Moreover, there are over 200 arias prepared based on opera stories and folk legends and transplanted from Zidishu. Some new programs are formulated after the founding of the People's Republic of China.

山东大鼓历史悠久，音乐唱腔独特，节目蕴藏丰富，地方色彩浓郁，它直接促发了山东快书的形成，并对"乔派"河南坠子和西河大鼓等的形成与发展产生过重大影响，具有很高的历史文化价值。20世纪后期以来，山东大鼓逐渐趋于衰落，现在仅有少数演员还能演出，亟待扶持保护。

Shandong Dagu is characterized by a long history, unique vocal music, plentiful programs and strong local features, having directly promoted the formation of Shandong Kuaishu, and having exerted significant influence on the formation and development of "Qiaopai" Henan Zhuizi and Xihe Dagu. It is of quite high historical and cultural values. Since the late period of the 20th century, it has been on a gradual decline. Currently, there are only a handful of artisans who are proficient in it. In this sense, support and protection are in urgent need.

相关传承人：

Inheritor(s):

左玉华

Zuo Yuhua