Traditional Drama 传统戏剧 Reel Opera of the Han Tone 汉调桄桄

时间：2006年
Date: 2006
类别：传统戏剧
Category: Traditional Opera
地区：陕西
Region: Shaanxi Province
编号：Ⅳ—17
Project No. IV-17
申报地区或单位：陕西省汉中市
Name of Applicant (region or institution): Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province
汉调桄桄又称汉调秦腔、南路秦腔、桄桄戏，是明代末年关中秦腔传入汉中地区与当地方言和民间音乐结合而形成的梆子声腔剧种，主要流行于陕西南部的汉中、安康一带，并曾流传到川北、陇东、鄂北等地。
The Reed Opera of the Han Tone, also called Qinqiang Opera, Qinqiang Opera of South Branch or Reed Play, is an opera of clapper tone formed after the Qinqiang Opera spread to Hanzhong area and got mingled with the dialect and local music towards the end of Ming Dynasty. It has been circulating in Hanzhong and Ankang in the south of Shaanxi and as far as North Sichuan, East Gansu and North Hubei.
汉调桄桄剧目丰富，传统剧目有七百多个，其中本戏五百六十多本，折子戏一百七十多出，其中《刘高磨刀》、《镔铁剑》、《夕阳山》、《水灌晋阳》、《红缨披》等百余种剧目为汉调桄桄所独有，《帝王珠》、《无影剑》、《呢喃阁》、《草坡面理》等剧目在其他剧种中已经失传或残缺。
The Reed Opera has a stock of programs, totaling over 700, of which 560 belong to regular opera and 170 booklet opera. In particular, about 100 are programs unique of Reed Opera including Liu Gao Sharpens the Sword, Wrought Iron Sword, Setting Sun Mountain, The Flooding of Jinyang, and The Scarlet Cloak; and programs that have disappeared in other types of opera are The Royal Pearl, The Racing Sword, The Murmuring Tower, and The Fight of Grassy Slope.
汉调桄桄的唱腔属板腔变化体，既有秦腔的高亢激越之美，又体现出陕南地方音乐优雅柔和的特点，旦角唱腔高昂，讲究唱“硬三眼调”；花脸擅用“犟音”，声高八度，多以假声演唱，尾音拖腔较长，人称“老少配”。唱腔的板路包括二流、慢板、尖板、拦头等多种，且有“软”、“硬”、“快”、“慢”之分。“软”为表现悲凉情绪的苦音，“硬”为表现欣悦情绪的欢音，“快”为快板，“慢”为慢板。汉调桄桄的伴奏有文、武场之别，文场原以盖板二弦为主奏乐器，后改为板胡，另有京胡、海笛、三弦等与之配合；武场使用尖鼓、平鼓、钩锣、铙钹、梆子、牙子、木鱼等打击乐器。
The tone of Reed Opera is actually a variation of clappers tone, showing both the passionate and excited features of Qinqiang Opera and the sweet and graceful quality of local music of South Shaanxi. For the role of female, the tone is high and passionate, with a stress on the three-hard-beat tone; for the painted face, an obstinate voice is adopted with the high 8th grade pitch while the performance is accomplished with falsetto in a prolonged voice, called old-young combination. The clapper style of the tone includes double flow, slow clappers, pitch clappers and interception, which into weak, strong, quick and slow types; the four types of tone represent sadness, joy, quick clappers and slow clappers respectively. The accompaniment of Reed Opera is divided into Quiet Setting and Dynamic Setting. The former, which originally used the major instrument of clapper two-string zither, uses Banhu fiddle, apart from Jinghu fiddle, sea flute, and three-string fiddle while the latter employs beating instruments such as pitch drum, plain drum, hook gong, cymbals, clappers, Yazi, and wood block.
汉调桄桄的表演追求大幅度夸张，有“箍桶”、“撒莲花”、“耍椅子”、“棍架子”、“吊毛盖”、“变脸”、“换衣”、“揣火”等许多独特的技巧，还有不少刀枪、棍棒、拳脚、腾翻的特有身段。民国以前，汉调桄桄演出时，生、净均不穿靴，常穿草鞋演出；旦角面部搽粉，头上插花即可出场。其服饰和化装虽简单，唱工却十分讲究，当地人习惯于夜听十里大调，且听远不听近，名为“燕过梁”。
The performance emphasizes over-exaggeration, featuring skills display that involves trussing, dropping lotus, chair display, stick props, hair hanging, face changing, clothes changing and fire show, apart from posture show involving sword, sticks, martial arts, and somersaults. Before the Republic of China, at a Reed Opera show, neither of the roles of male and painted face wore boots (oftentimes straw shoes in effect); the role of female was simply ready for the stage with a bit of power on face and flowers on the head. Though simple in costume and makeup, the chanting skills are exceptionally fine. The locals were used to listening to the high tone over ten li (five kilometers) at night and they preferred the distant to the adjacent, calling it “the beam crossing of swallows”.
近年来，汉调桄桄观众日渐减少，班社、剧团纷纷解体，艺人流散，传统剧目、曲牌、表演技艺已经或即将失传。目前仅有南郑县一个剧团还在维持演出，仍面临经费困难、人才青黄不接的窘境，难以长久坚持下去，须采取切实可行的措施予以抢救和保护。
Over the years, the Reed Opera has been losing its audience with troupes dismissed one after another; the programs, tunes and performing feat have disappeared or are about to disappear. Now there is only one troupe that manages to survive in Nanzheng County. It is also facing shortage of funds and lack of personnel and can hardly continue to exist. Practical and feasible measures should be taken in order that it could be salvaged.