Traditional Drama 传统戏剧 Puzhou Wooden Clappers 蒲州梆子

时间：2006年
Date: 2006
类别：传统戏剧
Category: Traditional Opera
地区：山西
Region: Shanxi Province
编号：Ⅳ—19
Project No. IV-19
申报地区或单位：山西省临汾市、运城市
Name of Applicant (region or institution): Linfen City and Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province
蒲州梆子明末清初形成于晋、陕、豫交界地带的蒲州，主要流行于山西南部及陕西、河南、甘肃、青海等省的部分地区。它是我国古老的梆子腔剧种之一，初期民间称为乱弹或梆子腔，清代中叶称山陕梆子，民国初年称蒲州梆子，20世纪30年代起简称蒲剧。蒲州梆子剧目众多，现在已知剧目有一千四百多个，其中《窦娥冤》、《薛刚反朝》、《麟骨床》、《杀驿》、《挂画》等影响较大。
Puzhou Wooden Clappers came into being in Puzhou, wher Shanxi, Shaanxi and Henan borders upon each other, at the turn of Ming and Qing dynasties, circulating mainly in the south of Shanxi and parts of Shaaxi, Henan, Gansu andQinghai. It is one of the oldest operas of clappers. It was first called miscellany or clapper tone at grassroots level, Shanxi-Shaanxi Wooden Clappers in mid-Qing Dynasty, Puzhou Wooden Clappers early in the Republic of China, and simply Pu Opera in the 1930’s till today. There is a wealth of programs and the known ones are 1,400 in total. In particular, the typical pieces are The Injustice of Dou E, Rebellion of Xue Gang, Kylin Bone Bed, Killing at the Post, and Hanging the Painting.
蒲州梆子唱腔以梆子腔为主，另有昆曲、吹腔及民歌小调等。梆子腔属板腔体，有7种基本板式，另有唢呐曲牌和丝弦曲牌三百多支。蒲州梆子的声腔特征是腔高板急，起伏跌宕，长于抒发慷慨激越的情绪。在演唱过程中演员大小嗓兼用，往往出现十度以上或两个八度的跳跃，行腔高亢奔放，富于激情。伴奏乐队有文、武场之分，文场乐器以板胡为主，辅以笛、二股弦、三弦、二胡等；武场乐器采用鼓板、枣梆、马锣、铙钹等，锣鼓经十分丰富。
The tone of Puzhou Wooden Clappers is mainly clapper tone, apart from Kun Opera, blowing tone and minor tunes of folksongs. The tone of wooden clappers belongs to the clapper style with seven basic beats while there are 300 trumpet tunes and stringed instrument tunes. The tone of Puzhou Wooden Clappers features high pitch and quick beats with rise and fall in tone, suitable for expressing the passionate and excited mood. During the course of performance, large and small voices are both employed with jumps of the 10th grade pitch or double 8th grades in a passionate and excited tone. The Quiet Setting and Dynamic Setting are the two sorts of accompaniment. For the former, Banhu fiddle is mainly used together with flute, two-string fiddle, three-string fiddle, and erhu fiddle while for the latter, drum clappers, date-tree wooden clappers, horse gong, and cymbals, with much of gong and drum playing.
蒲州梆子分须生、老生、小生、正旦、小旦、老旦、大花脸、二花脸、三花脸等脚色行当，其表演艺术有悠久的历史和深厚的传统，最鲜明的特点是火爆奔放，刚健大方，舒展明快，含蓄细腻，注重做工，擅用特技表现人物，有不少难度较高、观赏性极强的表演技巧，仅特技绝活就有三十余种，其帽翅功、髯口功、翎子功、梢子功、鞭子功、椅子功、扇子功、耍纸幡、彩功等表演特技在全国享有盛名。
The roles are bearded male, old male, young male, female, young female, old female, chief painted face, second painted face, and third painted face. The performing art has a long history and a rich tradition. The distinct feature is passionate, masculine, pleasant, and meticulous, with exceptional feats to present the characters. The extraordinary spectator stunt show abounds, indeed. And there are 30 plus exceptional feats and those with nationwide renown include cap wing display, beard and mouth skills, flag skills, boatman skills, whip skills, chair skills, fan skills, paper stunt show, and color show skills.
在梆子腔剧种体系中，蒲州梆子是山西四大梆子中诞生最早的一种，它与陕西梆子之间存在着渊源关系，是考察中国地方戏曲传承演变轨迹的活资料，对于山西地方文化研究也能发挥重要作用。在商业大潮的冲击下，蒲州梆子正陷于危机之中，观众大量流失，演员队伍青黄不接，这种局面需要尽快得到扭转。
Among the wooden clappers opera system, Puzhou Wooden Clappers is the one of the earliest birth among the four Wooden Clappers of Shanxi. It is closely related to Shaanxi Wooden Clappers and is a living fossil for studying the course of evolution of local operas in China. It is also valuable for studies of local culture of Shanxi. Under the commercial impact, Puzhou Wooden Clappers is being endangered as it is losing audience and human resources. Obviously, this situation needs to be changed as soon.