Qiang Nationality Flute Performance and Manufacture 羌笛演奏及制作技艺

时间：2006年
Time: 2006
类别：民间音乐
Category: Folk Music
地区：四川
Region: Sichuan province
编号：Ⅱ-38
Ref. No.: Ⅱ-38
申报地区或单位：四川省茂县
Nominating unit [s]: Maoxian county, Sichuan province
羌笛是一种由两根长约15至20厘米、筒孔大小一致的竹管并在一起，用丝线缠绕，管头插着竹簧的民间竖吹乐器。它主要用于独奏，有十余首古老的曲牌，乐曲内容相当广泛，主要是传达羌族人的思念向往之情。
The Qiang nationality flute is a folk instrument, fifteen to twenty cm long, consisting of two combined and enlaced bamboo tubes with the same size of holes. Bamboo reeds are set at the front of the poles. Qiang nationality flute is mainly used in musical solos, and it has more than ten pieces of ancient music composed for it. Its content is very rich and extensive, emphasizing the yearning and longing affection of Qiang nationality people.
赤布苏、沙坝地区的羌笛是秦汉战乱年间由南迁的羌族人从西部地区带来的。据史料记载，西汉前，羌笛面上有四孔，公元1世纪时由音乐家京房加一高音按孔，成为五孔。东汉马融在《长笛赋》中曾有"近世双笛从羌起"的记述。发展到近代，羌笛已成六孔。由此推断，羌笛的存在至少已有两千多年的历史了。
The Qiang flute can be found in the regions of Chibusu and Shaba areas. It was introduced by the Qiang people from the western regions of China as they were immigrating to the south during the periods of strife in the Qin and Hand dynasties. According to historical records, the Qiang nationality flute used to have four holes before the Western Han dynasty, and had another high-pitched hole added by the musician Jing Fang in the first century. Ma Rong once wrote in the Changdi fu (Flute Rhapsodies) in the Eastern Han dynasty that both kinds of flutes originated from the Qiang nationality flute. Modern Qiang nationality flute has six holes. Therefore we can conclude that Qiang nationality flute has a history of at least two thousand years.
羌笛的声音常给人以虚幻迷离、动人心魄的感觉，羌族人民常用它来抒发自己喜怒哀乐、悲欢离合的种种情感。常演奏的曲目有《折柳词》、《思想曲》、《莎郎曲》等。
The sounds of the Qiang nationality flute evoke fascinating, stirring, and unreal feelings. The Qiang nationality people usually use it to express their emotions of pleasure, anger, sorrow and joy. Commonly played pieces include Zheliu Ci (Willow Breaking), Sixiang Qu (Tune of Homesick) and Shalang Qu, etc.
羌笛吹奏主要采用鼓腮换气法，一口气可吹奏几分钟，即使是一首简单曲调，其技艺性要求也很高。另外，羌笛在吹奏中还有喉头颤音、手指的上下滑音等技巧，加之双管制作的律差、双簧共振的音响，其音质和旋律独具特色。
The Qiang nationality flute uses some unique techniques to play. One breath can last for several minutes. It requires high skills, even though the tunes are very simple. Such skills include the throat vibrating sound and fingers sliding up and down the instrument. Therefore the voice and melody of Qiang nationality flute is very unique, especially with the tone differences and resonating double-reed.
制作羌笛一般选用杆直、筒圆、节长，且头尾粗细较均匀、竹肉厚薄有度、质地坚韧、纤维细密、不易开裂的箭竹为材料，并根据筒管的长短、厚薄、大小测定音准，孔距必须精确相等，否则音准不一。
The arrow bamboo material used to make the Qiang nationality flute is usually straight, round, long in sections, even with diameter at both ends, fine in fiber and hard to split. Its intonation is specified according to the length, thickness of the wall, size of the pole, and the distance between different holes must be accurate and even.
由于羌族没有文字，其历史文化除了世代口传心授外，羌笛也成为交流、传承民族文化的一种重要渠道。羌笛的音律、音色、吹奏技巧独具特色，是我国民族乐器宝库中难得的珍品。
Though there is no written language of the Qiang nationality, their history and culture can still be handed down orally or by means of Qiang nationality flute. It is a gem of China's national musical instruments, distinctive in rhythm, voice and playing techniques.
相关传承人：
Inheritor(s):
龚代仁
Gong Dairen