Li Nationality Primordial Pottery Making Skills 黎族原始制陶技艺

时间：2006年
Time: 2006
类别：传统手工技艺
Category: Traditional Handicraft Skills
地区：海南
Region: Hainan Province
编号：Ⅷ-4
Ref. No.: VIII-4
申报地区或单位：海南省昌江黎族自治县
Nominating unit[s]: Changjiang Li Autonomous County, Hainan Province
海南岛制陶历史悠久，在黎族聚居地区的史前遗址中曾发现过陶片，文献中也不乏相关记载。如宋朝的《诸蕃志》卷下曾记黎族“以土为釜，瓠匏为器”，清代顾炎武《天下郡国利病书》亦记黎人：“缌绠绩木皮木布，陶土为釜。”黎族地区的制陶技术保留在哈方言、润方言、赛方言、美孚方言等区域。
Hainan Island has a long history of pottery making. Pottery shards were found at the prehistorical site wher the Li nationality had lived and relevant references of pottery making were also found in documents. It was noted in Zhu Fan Zhi (Records of Foreign Peoples) of Song Dynasty that the Li nationality used soil to make kettles and gourds to make utensils and Tian Xia Jun Guo Li Bing Shu (On Benefit and Faults of the Empire's Local Administration) by Gu Yanwu of Qing Dynasty that the Li nationality made fine linen and ropes with bark and kettles with pot clay. The Li nationality primordial pottery making skills are preserved in areas wher Ha dialect, Run dialect, Sai dialect and Meifu dialect are spoken.
黎族制陶工具包括木杵、木臼、木拍、木刮及竹刀、蚌壳、钻孔竹棍、竹垫等，制陶过程由挖陶、挑陶土、晒陶土、粉碎陶土、筛陶土、和泥、制坯、干燥、准备烧陶、点火烧陶、取陶、加固等12个步骤组成。制成品主要有釜、甑、瓮、碗、罐、蒸酒器、蒸饭器等器型。
Tools used in Li nationality primordial pottery making include wooden pestles, wooden mortars, wooden scrapers, bamboo knives, clam shells, drilling bamboo sticks, and bamboo mats. The pottery making process consists of 12 steps: excavating of pot clay, selecing of pot clay, drying of pot clay in the sun, crushing of pot clay, screening of pot clay, pot clay mixing, blanking, drying, preparation for pottery firing, pottery firing, taking out, and reinforcement. Finished products are mainly kettles, rice pots, urns, bowls, jars, wine distillers and rice cookers.
制坯技艺从一个侧面反映出黎族原始制陶技艺的水平，它包括捏制、泥条盘筑、快轮制陶等。泥片贴筑法、泥条盘筑法、快轮拉坯法等制坯方法至今仍在黎族地区保留着，其中泥条盘筑具有不用羼和料、制陶工具简单、露天烧陶、没有陶车和陶轮、器型少等特点，简便实用。
Blanking techniques, reflecting the level of the Li nationality primordial pottery making skills from one aspect, include kneading method, clay-strip forming method and fast-wheel pottery making method. Clay-sheet sticking method, clay-strip forming method and wheel casting method are still preserved in the regions inhabited by Li nationality. The clay-strip forming method is characterized by no admixtures, simple pottery tools, pottery firing in open air, no pottery jiggers or potter's wheels, and a few shapes, and it is simple and practical. 泥条盘筑法之类的原始制陶工艺至今在海南岛昌江黎族自治县石碌镇大坡地区仍有传承，这对史前制陶史的研究具有重要的启示作用。但是，随着社会的发展、生活水平的提高和社会文化的趋同，瓷器、玻璃器、金属器、塑料器等替代陶器进入日常生活，黎族制陶逐渐萎缩，尤其是“文革”期间，几乎全部停产。现在懂得制陶的黎族艺人寥寥无几，制陶技艺濒临消亡，亟待采取切实措施确保其传承。
The primordial pottery making skills such as clay-strip forming method are still alive in Dapo, Shilu Town, Changjiang Li Autonomous County, Hainan Province, and are significantly inspirational for the study of prehistorical pottery making. But, with social development, improvement of living standard and assimilation of social cultures, porcelain ware, glass ware, metal ware and plastic ware took the place of pottery in daily life and the Li nationality’s pottery making gradually declined and was almost completely shut down during the “Culture Revolution”. As there are few Li handicraftsmen that master pottery making skills now, the skills are dying out. Practical measures are in urgent need for ensuring inheritance.
相关传承人：
Inheritor(s):
羊拜亮
Yang Bailiang