Longquan Celadon Firing and Manufacturing Skills 龙泉青瓷烧制技艺

时间：2006年
Time: 2006
类别：传统手工技艺
Category: Traditional Handicraft Skills
地区：浙江
Region: Zhejiang Province
编号：Ⅷ—9
Ref. No.: VIII-9
申报地区或单位：浙江省龙泉市
Nominating unit[s]: Longquan City, Zhejiang Province
龙泉是浙江省历史文化名城，位于浙江西南部，与江西、福建两省接壤，以出产青瓷著称。文物普查发现，这里烧制青瓷的古代窑址有五百多处，仅龙泉市境内就有三百六十多处，这个庞大的瓷窑体系史称龙泉窑。
Located in the southwestern part of Zhejiang Province and neighboring Jiangxi and Fujian provinces, Longquan is a famous historical and cultural city, renowned for its celadon production. Archeological survey shows that there are over 500 ancient celadon kilns, more than 360 of which are within Longquan’s bounds. And this large celadon system is known as Longquan Kilns.
龙泉窑是中国陶瓷史上烧制年代最长、窑址分布最广、产品质量最高、生产规模和外销范围最大的青瓷名窑。龙泉窑始于西晋，北宋时已初具规模，南宋中晚期进入鼎盛时期，制瓷技艺登峰造极，梅子青、粉青釉达到了青瓷釉色的最高境界，传统龙泉窑中的哥窑与官、汝、定、钧等窑并称为宋代五大名窑。龙泉窑的青瓷技艺推动了各地瓷窑的发展，从南宋至明代，福建、广东沿海和江西一带的瓷窑纷纷烧造出类似龙泉青瓷的产品。龙泉窑青瓷在国外也有重大影响，宋元时期就大量出口，陈桥驿在《龙泉县地名志序》中说：“从中国东南沿海各港口起，循海道一直到印度洋沿岸的波斯湾、阿拉伯海、红海和东非沿海，……无处没有龙泉青瓷的踪迹。”龙泉青瓷在宋元时达到高峰，明代生产规模不减，但质量下降，至清代逐渐衰落，晚清后曾一度停烧，仅有少数窑口从事仿古生产。
It is famous for its longest celadon-firing history, broadest kiln coverage, and highest quality and largest production and export volume. This kiln emerged in the Western Jin Dynasty, and began to take shape in the Northern Song Dynastry and reached its peak in mid-late Southern Song Dynasty. Ge kiln in the traditional Longquan Kilns enjoys a reputation as high as that of Guan, Ru, Ding and Jun kilns, and they are collectively referred to as the five famous kilns in the Song dynasty. Skills developed in Longquan Kilns promoted the development of kilns in various regions. From the Southern Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, products similar to Longquan celadon were manufactured in kilns in coastal areas in Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces. Celadons from Longquan Kilns were sold well in foreign countries, and exported in large volume to the outside world in Song and Yuan dynasties. Chen Qiaoyi stated in his Preface to Records of Place Names in Longquan County “Longquan celadons are sold everywher, ranging from each port of southeastern China coast to the Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Red Sea along the Indian Ocean and to the eastern African coast.” This kind of celadon reached its production peak in the Song and Yuan dynasties. In the Ming Dynasty, despite its equally large production volume, its quality failed to reach its former excellence. Then, in the Qing Dynasty, it gradually declined. After the late Qing Dynasty, firing activities ceased, and only several kilns still kept imitation production.
龙泉青瓷工艺流程由配料、成型、修坯、装饰、施釉和素烧、装匣、装窑、烧成八个环节组成，其中施釉和烧成两个环节极富特色。坯件干燥后施釉，可分为荡釉、浸釉、涂釉、喷釉等几个步骤。厚釉类产品通常要施釉数层，施一层素烧一次，再施釉再素烧，如此反复四五次方可，最多者要施釉十层以上，然后才进入正烧。素烧温度比较低，一般在摄氏800度左右。而釉烧则在摄氏1200度左右，按要求逐步升温、控温，控制窑内气氛，最后烧成成品。南宋至元代前期，龙泉窑曾烧制薄胎原釉器物，施一层釉烧一次，最厚可达十余层。
Longquan celadon manufacturing process flow consists of 8 steps: material preparation, forming, trimming, decoration, glazing, biscuiting, boxing, loading into kiln and firing, among which glazing and firing stand themselves out for their characteristics. After the clay body gets dry, glazing is applied, involving shaking, dipping, coating, and spraying. Products with heavy glaze generally needs repeated steps including glazing and biscuiting, which must be performed for four or five times, sometimes or even as many as over 10times before firing. The biscuiting temprature always remains as relatively low as 800 ℃ while glaze firing is done at 1200 ℃ or so. Temprature is gradually raised and controlled, and kiln atmostphere is controlled according to requirements till the final products are fired sucessfully. From the Southern Song Dynasty to the early Yuan Dynasty, eggshell celadon with original glaze was produced from Longquan Kilns through the technique of firing after each glazing so that over ten layers of glazing may be applied at most.
青瓷烧制不仅是一种技术，而且也是一种艺术。上乘青瓷青翠滋润、莹澈剔透，富于韵味，有“类玉”之美，体现出深厚的文化内涵。
The celadon firing is not only a technique but also an art. Premium celadon products, green and smooth, lustrous and translucent, and full of charm, reflect profound cultural connotations, enjoying jade-like beauty.
中华人民共和国成立后，恢复了清末民初以来衰微的青瓷烧制工艺。但由于青瓷器皿的功能逐渐被现代物品所代替，故社会需求并不多。目前青瓷生产的一些技艺渐被遗忘，加上现代机械的介入，传统手工制瓷技艺面临着严重的挑战，濒于消亡，亟待拯救、保护。
After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the celadon firing skill, which once suffered downturn in the late Qing dynasty and at the beginning of the period of the Republic of China, has been recovered. Given the replacement by modern products, market demand for celadon ware is not much. At present, some of the celadon manufacturing skills are gradually lost. In addition, with the introdution of modern machinery, traditional handicraft skills for manufacturing celadon is confronted with daunting challenges of extinction, requiring our immediate saving and protection.
相关传承人：
Inheritor(s):
徐朝兴
Xu Chaoxing