Yangzhou Qingqu 扬州清曲

时间：2006年
Time: 2006
类别：曲艺
Category: Recitative, story-telling
地区：江苏
Region: Jiangsu Province
编号：Ⅴ—25
Ref. No.: V-25
申报地区或单位：江苏省扬州市
Nominating unit[s]: Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province
扬州清曲是在明清时期流行于扬州一带的俗曲和小调基础上发展形成的曲艺唱曲形式，又名“广陵清曲”、“维扬清曲”，俗称“小唱”或“唱小曲”，主要流行于江苏省的扬州、镇江和上海等地，用扬州方音表演。它在清代初期即已形成。传统的表演形式为一二人至八九人分持琵琶、三弦、月琴、四胡、二胡、扬琴由及檀板、碟子、酒杯等自行伴奏坐唱，走上高台后大多由5人分持琵琶、三弦、二胡、四胡和扬琴自行伴奏坐唱。唱腔曲调为各类曲牌，早期主要用【劈破玉】、【银纽丝】、【四大景】、【倒扳桨】、【叠落金钱】、【吉祥草】、【满江红】、【湘江浪】等，后来主要用【软平】、【骊调】、【南调】、【波扬】、【春调】、【补缸】、【鲜花调】、【扬子调】、【杨柳青】、【雪拥蓝关】等。节目分为采用单支曲牌演唱的“单片子”和两支以上曲牌连缀或联套演唱的套曲两种类型。套曲又分为“小套曲”和“大套曲”，以【满江红】为主要曲调的套曲俗称“五瓣梅”。
Yangzhou Qingqu is a vocal art form originated from folk songs and tunes prevailing in Yangzhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasty, also known as “Guangling Qingqu” and “Weiyang Qingqu”, or colloquially known as “Xiaochang” or “Chang Xiaoqu”. It is mainly popular in Yangzhou, Zhenjiang in Jiangsu Province, Shanghai, etc. It is performed in the Yangzhou dialect. It took shape in the early Qing Dynasty. Traditionally, it is performed by a chorus consisting of one to nine persons who are seated and sing while playing Pipa (a plucked string instrument with a fretted fingerboard), Sanxian (a three-stringed plucked instrument), Yueqin (a four-stringed plucked instrument with a full-moon-shaped sound box), Sihu (a four-stringed bowed instrument), Erhu (a two-stringed bowed instrument), dulcimer, hardwood clappers, plate, goblet, etc. on their own. In the case it is performed on raised terraces, the chorus comprises for the most part five performers who are seated and sing while playing Pipa, Sanxian, Erhu, Sihu and dulcimer respectively. Its music tunes are derived from various Qupais, such as [Leaving] (or Pi Po Yu), [Longing for the Husband] (or Yin Niu Si), [Four Great Scenes], [Dao Ban Jiang], [Being in Wealth is Dangerous] (or Die Luo Jin Qian), [Lucky Grass], [Blood River], [Waves of Xiangjiang River], etc, were previously applied in the early time. [Ruan Ping], [Li Diao], [South Tone], [Bo Yang], [Spring Tone], [Bu Gang], [Jasmine Flower], [Yangzhou Tone], [Green Willow], [Heavy Snow Covered the City of Lam], etc. which were mainly in its early time. Its repertories are divided into “ditty” singing with one Qupai and divertimento with over two Qupai clustering and coupling. Divertimentos also fall into “small divertimento” and “great divertimento”. The divertimento mainly in the tune of Blood River is often called “five petals of plum blossom”.
扬州清曲的演唱分职业性和自娱性两种，前者在旧时以个人或家庭为单位，走街串巷或在航行于内河的客船上卖艺，后来主要由专业曲艺表演团体的专职演员进行表演；后者多系店员、小手工业者和知识阶层的市民客串演唱，有些人甚至在创作唱本和音乐曲调的改革整理方面多所贡献，还有些人做过一些理论性的整理研究工作，如王万青即著有《扬州清曲唱念艺术经验》。传统的代表性节目有《十杯酒》、《做人难》等“单片子”，《三国》、《水浒》、《西厢记》、《红楼梦》、《白蛇传》、《珍珠塔》、《黛玉悲秋》、《梁山伯与祝英台》、《秦琼卖马》、《苏三起解》、《竹木相争》、《烟花自叹》、《老鼠告状》等套曲。中华人民共和国成立后编演的新节目有《刘胡兰》和《工农兵》等。
There are professional and amateur performers. The former made a living upon performing for individuals and families through the streets and lanes or passenger ships sailing in the inland river. Afterwards, full-time performers from professional folk art performing groups were doing this job; the latter were mainly shop assistants, small handicraftsmen and residents from the stratum of intellectual as guest entertainers, some of them made a great contribution to creating the libretto, innovating and sorting out tunes, some conducted several theoretical collation and study activities, for instance, Wang Wanqing wrote vocal experiences of Yangzhou Qingqu. Traditional typical repertories include ditties, such as Ten Glasses of Wine (or Shi Bei Jiu), Difficult to be A Man (or Zuo Ren Nan), and divertimentos, for instance, the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, Romance of the Western Chamber, A Dream in Red Mansions, the Legend of White Snake (or Bai She Zhuan), Pearl Tower (or Zhen Zhu Ta), Lin Daiyu Lamenting for the Autumn (or Dai Yu Bei Qiu), Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai, Qing Qiong Selling Horses (or Qing Qiong Mai Ma), Su San Under Police Escort (or Su San Qi Jie), Bamboo and Wood Competing for Each Other (or Zhu Mu Xiang Zheng), A Kept Woman Sighing for Her Misfortune (or Yan Hua Zi Tan), the Villain Offending First (or Lao Shu Gao Zhuang), etc. Several new programs were formulated after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, such as Liu Hulan, Worker-Peasant-Soldier.
据李斗《扬州画舫录》记述，扬州清曲的早期知名艺人有黎殿臣、陈景贤、刘天禄、刘禄观、牟七、金姑、潘五道士、郑玉本和朱三等。20世纪以来影响较大的艺人有黎子云、钟培贤、裴福康、王万青和尤庆乐等。
According to Notes of Yangzhou Pleasure-Boat written by Li Dou, well-known performers of Yangzhou Qingqu at its early stage included Li Dianchen, Chen Jingxian, Liu Tianlu, Liu Luguan, Mu Qi, Jin Gu, Taoist Priest Pan Wu, Zheng Yuben, Zhu San, and so on. Li Ziyun, Zhong Peixian, Pei Fukang, Wang Wanqing, You Qingle, etc. have had a great impact on Yangzhou Qingqu since the 20th century.
扬州清曲是历史较为悠久的曲艺唱曲形式，许多元明以来的古代民间俗曲，包括一些俗曲的原词，都在扬州清曲中得到了很好的保存。由于流播时间较长，它在传布中对其他地区的许多同类曲种产生过不同程度的影响。当前这一具有代表性的古老曲种由于种种原因已处于艺人流散、后继乏人的濒危状态，急需加以抢救和保护。
Yangzhou Qingqu is a vocal art form with a relatively long history. Many old folk songs since the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, including original lyrics of some folk songs, are well-preserved in Yangzhou Qingqu. For it had been wide-spread in a relatively long time span, it had produced effects on many folk arts of the same kind in other regions to varying degrees. The ancient typical folk art is facing a shortage of performers and qualified successors, hence urgent measures are required for saving and protecting it from being lost.