Art of Ancient Chinese Guqin Music 古琴艺术

时间：2006年
Time: 2006
类别：民间音乐
Category: Folk Music
地区：中央
Region: The Central Government of the People's Republic of China
编号：Ⅱ-34
Ref. No.: II--34
申报地区或单位：中国艺术研究院
Nominating unit[s]: Chinese National Academy of Arts
古琴又称"琴"、"七弦琴"，别称"绿绮"、"丝桐"。它主要体现为一种平置弹弦乐器的独奏艺术形式，另外也包括唱、弹兼顾的琴歌与琴、箫合奏。古琴相传创始于史前传说时代的伏羲氏和神农氏时期。以目前考古发掘的资料证实，古琴作为一件乐器的形制至迟到汉代已经发展完备，其演奏艺术与风格经历代琴人及文人的创造而不断完善，一直延续至今。古琴演奏是中国历史上最古老、艺术水准最高，最具民族精神、审美情趣和传统艺术特征的器乐演奏形式。
Guqin, also known as "Qin", "Seven-stringed Qin", "Lvqi" and "Sitong", mainly represents an artistic form of solo using a horizontally-laid stringed instrument. It may also be played when qin music is sung, accompanied by Qin and Xiao (a vertical bamboo flute). It is said that the history of Guqin can be dated back to the Periods of Fuxi and Shennong in prehistoric legendary times. Existing archaeological materials suggest that Guqin, as a musical instrument, was already full-fledged by the Han Dynasty in terms of shape and conformation. Its performing forms and styles have kept on improving and have been passed on till now owing to the joint creative efforts of Guqin players and scholars. Guqin performance is one of the oldest musical performances with the highest standard of art, the strongest national spirit, aesthetic taste and traditional art features in Chinese history.
古琴与中国其他传统独奏器乐艺术，如筝、琵琶、笛、箫、管、胡琴等相比较，不仅历史悠久，而且在相关文献、曲目积累、演奏技巧、乐学、律学、传承方式、斫琴工艺及社会生活、历史、哲学、文学等领域的影响方面都具有突出的人文性和不可比拟的丰富性。
Compared with other traditional solo musical instruments like zither, Pipa (a plucked string instrument with a fretted fingerboard), flute, Xiao, chalumeau and Huqin (a general term for certain two-stringed bowed instruments), Guqin is not only longer in history but also more humanistic and richer in related references, accumulated repertoire, performing skills, musicology, rhythm theory, teaching means and manufacturing process of Qin as well as in social life, history, philosophy and literature.
琴、棋、书、画是自古以来中国文人整体素质的具体显现。琴居四艺之首，是因为它在很大程度上提升并影响了中国书画等其他艺术门类的境界。
The comprehensive quality of a Chinese man of letter has been measured by his proficiency in Guqin, chess, calligraphy and painting since ancient times. Guqin ranks the top place because it has promoted and influenced other arts like Chinese calligraphy and paintings to a great extent.
琴曲的标题性、音结构的带腔性、节奏上的非均分性、音质上清微淡远的倾向性集中体现了中国音乐体系的基本特征，构成了汉民族音乐审美的核心。在大量琴曲音乐中，多方面地反映了人在自然、社会、历史变迁中的种种感受。常见曲目有《梅花三弄》、《流水》、《潇湘水云》、《阳关三叠》、《忆故人》等。打谱作为古琴音乐传承中极具创新精神的活动，充分体现了琴人在处理口传与"依谱寻声"、流派传统与琴人个性、音乐的整体与技术细节等关系方面的经验和智慧。继承古琴艺术中所包含的儒家传统精神及崇尚自然的道家思想境界，将为生活在现代化环境中的人们调整与自然和社会的关系，不断认知体验"天人合一"哲学观的深刻性和合理性，带来许多新的启示。
The basic characteristics of Chinese musical system are mainly manifested by the title of Qin music, varied auditory attributes of phonological construction, unequally-distributed rhythm and tendency to light and melodious tone quality, constituting the aesthetic core of Han nationality music. Most melodies of Guqin music largely reflect the feeling of human beings during the changes of nature, society, and history. Main works are Song of Plum Blossom (or Mei Hua San Nong), Running Waters (or Liu Shui), Water and Cloud of Xiao and Xiang Rivers (or Xiao Xiang Shui Yun), Yeung Guan Farewell (or Yang Guan San Die) and Recalling an Old Friend (or Yi Gu Ren). Playing the Qin according to the music score (or Dapu), as one of the most innovative activities in inheritance of Guqin music, fully reveals experience and wisdom in Qin artists' oral teaching, "looking for the voice based on the music score", tradition of schools, personalities of artists, integration of music and skill details. The Confucian traditional spirit and the Taoism upholding nature embraced in Guqin art will bring modern people new clues to adjust the relationship between nature and society, and constantly recognize and experience the profoundness and rationality of the philosophy of "unity of nature and man".
近现代社会的剧烈变革尤其是政治和经济的变化，给古琴及以它为表征的中国传统文人修身养性的理想带来了巨大冲击。在相当长的历史阶段，古琴被视为"旧文化"的代表而备受冷落。西方专业音乐教育制度的移入改变了古琴提高人的文化素养及自娱自悟的功能，促使它朝专业化、职业化的方向迅速转变，从而形成了艺术化和表演化的发展新趋向，由此改变了古琴自古以来依琴人口传心授方式在读谱与打谱间代代相袭的传统，及由琴社、流派等所形成的古琴自然生态空间。古琴原有的集诗书礼乐为一体、琴道即人道的境界被狭窄化了，它只能局限在舞台技艺的范畴之中。古琴作为人文修养的一种重要方式，本来是一种知识分子生活的艺术，而职业化、专业化的结果却使古琴原来的自然生态受到威胁，更重要的是，由此在一定程度上导致中国人文精神中某些深厚内涵的缺失。这个问题必须引起社会相关层面的高度关注。
In modern times, dramatic changes, particularly political and economic changes, had great impact on Guqin and traditional Chinese scholar's ideals for cultivating minds by Qin. During quite a long historical period, Guqin was seen as a symbol of "outdated culture" and thus overlooked. The introduction of Western musical education system has changed the function of Guqin as cultural refinement, self-entertainment and self-consciousness of people, making it develop in a more specialized and professional way, and bringing about a new development trend focusing on market-based art and performance. Consequently, a change can be seen in the tradition that artists orally taught music score reading and Dapu from generation to generation as well as in the natural ecologic space of Guqin formed by Qin societies and schools. At that point, the function of Guqin, which originally integrated poetry, calligraphy, etiquette and music and upheld that the philosophy of Qin is the rules for being human, has been narrowed and limited to be a theatre art. Guqin, as a vital means for cultural refinement, ever represented an art of living for intellectuals. Professionalism and specialization have disrupted its natural ecologic space. What's worse, traditional Chinese humanistic spirit has, to certain extent, been lost. This merits close attention from relevant social circles.
相关传承人：
Inheritor(s):
郑珉中 陈长林 吴钊 姚公白 刘赤城 李璠
Zheng Minzhong, Chen Changlin, Wu Zhao, Yao Gongbai, Liu Chicheng, Li Fan,
吴文光 林友仁 李祥霆 龚一 刘善教 谢导秀
Wu Wenguang, Lin Youren, Li Xiangting, Gong Yi, Liu Shanjiao, Xie Daoxiu,
李禹贤 刘正春
Li Yuxian, and Liu Zhengchun