Dong Nationality Pipa Songs (‘Lute Songs’) 侗族琵琶歌

时间：2006年
Time: 2006
类别：民间音乐
Category: Folk Music
地区：贵州
Region: Guizhou Province
编号：Ⅱ-29
Ref. No.: II-29
申报地区或单位：贵州省榕江县、黎平县
Nominating unit[s]: Rongjiang County and Liping County, Guizhou Province
侗族琵琶歌分布于侗族南部方言地区，可分为抒情琵琶歌和叙事琵琶歌两大类。其歌唱内容几乎涵盖了侗族历史、神话、传说、故事、古规古理、生产经验、婚恋情爱、风尚习俗、社会交往等各个方面，世代传承，歌脉悠远。琵琶歌唱词体现了侗族诗歌的最高水平，是研究侗族社会人类学、民族学、民俗学的重要资料。全国文艺集成志书多把抒情琵琶歌列入民间歌曲范畴，叙事琵琶歌列入曲艺范畴（称琵琶弹唱），亦有两者兼备的。由于各地琵琶歌使用的琵琶型号和定弦的不同，土语不同，演唱场所不同，运用嗓音不同，因而形成许多种不同的风格。
Pipa songs ('lute songs') of the Dong ethnic minority are popular in, southern Dong-dialect-speaking areas, and can be classified into two categories: lyric pipa song and narrative pipa song. Lyrics of pipa songs cover nearly all aspects of Dong people like history, myths, legends, stories, traditional rules and principles, production experience, marriage and love stories, customs and interpersonal activities. Over their long history, these songs were passed down from generation to generation. Their lyrics are a manifestation of the highest artistic level of poems by Dong people, providing important information for studying the social anthropology, ethnology and folklore of Dong people. In many versions of Collections and Annals of Chinese Ethnic/Folk Literature and Arts, lyric pipa song is labeled as folk music while narrative pipa songs as folk art (known as "pipa playing and singing"). In some occasions, however, either is dabbed as folk music and folk art. Pipa songs has had a great variety of styles owning to varied types and tunes of lutes, different dialects, singing places and voices.
三宝琵琶歌（又称车江琵琶歌）是抒情琵琶歌的一种，用中型四弦琵琶伴奏，外加果吉（牛腿琴）协奏，由男子操琴，男奏男唱或男奏女唱，男声用本嗓，女声用小嗓，在行歌坐夜的场合演唱，主要流行在三宝为中心的榕江县地区。
Sanbao Pipa Song (also called "Chejiang Pipa song"), a kind of lyric pipa song, is performed by a male singer singing while playing or by a female singer singing while a male singer playing, accompanied by the medium four-chord lute primarily and the Guo Ji (a corbel-shaped musical instrument) secondarily. The male singer uses his normal voice while the female singer sings in a high-pitched voice. These songs are performed in singing and night parties and are quite popular in Rongjiang County centered on Sanbao.
晚寨琵琶歌（又名四十八寨琵琶歌）既是抒情琵琶歌的一种，也是琵琶弹唱的一种，男声用三弦或五弦的大中型琵琶伴奏，女声用三弦或五弦的中小型琵琶伴奏，均为自弹自唱。主要流行在榕、黎两县毗连的四十八寨地区和榕江县的七十二寨地区。在整个侗族地区只有四十八寨地区才有女性弹琵琶唱歌，七十二寨弹唱是叙事琵琶歌的一种，多由中老年男性艺人自弹三弦或五弦大型琵琶伴奏，应听众之邀在民居堂屋或长廊演唱，以唱叙事歌或说理歌为主，只流行在榕江县七十二寨侗族地区。
Wanzhai pipa song (also called "Sishiba village pipa song"), belonging to both lyrical pipa song and narrative pipa song, is performed by a male singer accompanied by the three-chord or five-chord large or medium lute or a female singer accompanied by the three-chord or five-chord medium or small lute, both of whom singing while playing the lute. It is popular in Sishiba Village bordering on both Rongjiang County and Liping County and Qishi'er Village in Rongjiang County. In the whole Dong nationality region, only in Sishiba village females can be seen playing the lute while singing. And pipa songs in Qishi'er Village are a kind of narrative pipa song and are sung by middle-age or old male artists while playing the three-chord or five-chord large lute. These old artists give performances in the residential living rooms and corridors at the invitation of audiences. Wanzhai pipa songs, whose lyrics are about narratives or reasoning, are popular only in Qishi'er Village of Dong nationality region.
 
平架琵琶歌（亦称洪州琵琶歌）是抒情琵琶歌的一种，由男子用三弦小琵琶（形似牛腿琴）伴奏，男弹男唱或男弹女唱，男女声均用假嗓，别具一格，主要流行在黎平县洪州镇和湖南通道县播阳镇为中心的侗族地区。
Pingjia pipa song (also called "Hongzhou pipa song"), a kind of lyrical pipa song, is performed by a male singer singing while playing or a female singer singing while a male singer playing, accompanied by the three-chord lute (its shape is similar with a corbel-shaped music instrument). Both male and female singers sing in falsetto, making Pingjia pipa song very special and popular in Dong nationality regions centered on Hongzhou Town, Liping County and Boyang Town, Tongdao County, Hunan Province.
六洞琵琶歌是抒情琵琶歌的一种，用四弦小琵琶伴奏，男弹男唱或男弹女唱，在行歌坐夜的场合演唱，原先男女声均用假嗓，现在也有改用本嗓的，主要流行在黎平、从江两县泛称为"六洞"、"千五"和"十洞"的地区。
Liudong pipa song, a kind of lyrical pipa song, is performed by a male singer singing while playing or a female singer singing while a male singer playing in singing and night parties. Both male and female singers used to sing in falsetto, but some sing in their normal voices now. Liudong pipa song is popular in regions generally-called "Liudong", "Qianwu" and "Shidong" in Liping County and Congjiang County.
榕江琵琶歌抒情叙事兼具，演唱形式、演唱场所和演唱内容与六洞弹唱相同，主要流行在广西省三江县、融水县溶江河段和黎平县以"四脚牛"为中心的地区。主要曲目有《河对岸》、《初相会》、《路不平》、《好久不见》、《两相情愿》等。
Rongjiang pipa song belongs to both lyrical pipa song and narrative pipa song. Its performance form, occasions and content are the same with the playing and singing performances in Liudong. It is popular in Sanjiang County, Rongjiang River Section in Rongshui County of Guangxi Province and Liping County centered on "Sijiaoniu" region. Its representative songs mainly include The Opposite Side of River Bank, First Meet, Uneven Road, Long Time No See, Congenial Couple, etc.
寻江琵琶歌抒情叙事兼具，演唱形式、场所和演唱内容与六洞弹唱相同，主要流行在广西省三江县、龙胜县和湖南省通道县寻江河和渠水流域一带。
Xunjiang Pipa song belongs to both lyrical pipa song and narrative pipa song. Its performance form, occasions and content are the same with the playing and singing performances in Liudong. It is popular in Sanjiang County and Longsheng County of Guangxi Province and Xunjiang River and Qushui River basin in Tongdao County of Hunan Province.

洪州琵琶歌流行于贵州省黎平县洪州镇的平架村，该村位于黎平县城东33公里，地处湘黔桂三省边缘。平架村建于明代永乐年间（约1405），据说那时此地已唱这种歌曲，一直沿袭至今。1952年，贵州省文化部门音乐工作者发现了这种琵琶歌，将之选调参加贵州省少数民族文艺会演，后推荐上京演出。因当时平架村属洪州管辖，故这种琵琶歌被命名为"洪州琵琶歌"。
Hongzhou pipa song is popular in Pingjia Village, Hongzhou Town, Liping County, Guizhou Province. Pingjia Village is located at the border of Hunan Province, Guizhou Province and Guangxi Province, 33 kilometers away from downtown Liping County. Pingjia Village was built during reign of Yongle Emperor in the Ming Dynasty (around 1405). It was said that this kind of songs had come into being at that time and been passed down to the current generation. In 1952, musicians from Guizhou Culture Department discovered these songs. They chose some of them to be performed in Guizhou ethnic culture and art festival and later these songs were recommended to be performed in Beijing. At that time, Pingjia Village was governed by Hongzhou Town, so these songs were named as "Hongzhou Pipa song".
洪州琵琶歌最大的特征是无论男女，全都用假嗓高音演唱，曲调悠扬悦耳，别具风格。它的曲调、歌词丰富，其种类包括情歌、孝敬老人歌、叙事歌等等。情歌是男女青年在家中或在山坡上弹琵琶对唱的歌，主要是倾吐互相爱慕之情。孝敬老人歌是男女青年在公共场合弹琵琶唱的歌，内容是怎样孝敬老人，著名的一首歌叫《青年都把老人敬》。叙事歌是年纪大的人在鼓楼里或公共场合演唱的歌，内容大都叙述民族历史、重大事件和民间故事。
The most distinct feature of Hongzhou Pipa song is that all performers, male or female, sing in falsetto, making it sweet-sounding and special. It is varied in melodies and lyrics and can be divided into various categories encompassing love songs, songs about showing respect for the old as well as narrative songs. Love songs are antiphonal songs sung by young men and women at home or on the hill to show their affection for each other. Songs about showing respect for the old are sung in public places accompanied by lute. The content of lyrics is about how to show respect for the old and one of its famous masterpiece is The Young all Showing Respect to the Old. Narrative songs are usually performed by old people in the drum-tower or public places, The content of their lyrics is about national history, significant events and folk stories.
洪州琵琶歌主要是在民间自发组织的兴趣爱好组合中互相传授，父子或亲属之间并不直接传授。老人教歌，青年唱歌，儿童学歌，这是侗乡人的传统习俗。洪州琵琶歌在侗族音乐中占有重要地位，它是侗族琵琶歌中的珍品，是古老民歌的遗产。在琵琶歌中洪州琵琶歌是惟一用假嗓演唱的一个稀有品种，其琵琶制作工艺自成一体，演唱演奏为群众所喜闻乐听，并已成为当地生活中不可分割的重要组成部分。
Hongzhou pipa song is mainly learned from each other among members of hobby groups organized by people voluntarily rather than taught by a father to a son or among relatives. One of the traditions of Dong people is that the old teach singing, the young perform singing and children learn singing. Hongzhou pipa song plays an important role in Dong ethnic music. It is a treasure of Dong pipa songs and a legacy of ancient folk songs. Of pipa songs, Hongzhou pipa song is a rarity as it is the only one requiring falsetto. Pipa as the accompanying instrument for Hongzhou pipa song is made using unique techniques. All singing and playing performances relating to it are pleasing for people to hear and see, and have become an indispensable part of local life.
相关传承人：
Inheritor(s):
吴家兴 吴玉竹 吴仕恒
Wu Jiaxing, Wu Yuzhu, and Wu Shiheng