Dong Nationality Dage (‘Grand Songs’) 侗族大歌

时间：2006年
Time: 2006
类别：民间音乐
Category: Folk Music
地区：广西，贵州
Region: Guangxi and Guizhou
编号：Ⅱ-28
Ref. No.: II-28
申报地区或单位：贵州省黎平县
Nominating unit[s]: Liping County, Guizhou Province
广西壮族自治区柳州市、三江侗族自治县侗族大歌，侗族称为"嘎老"。"嘎"即歌，"老"既含有大之意，也含有人多声多和古老之意。"嘎老"是一种由众多人参与的歌队集体演唱的古老歌种，故译为大歌。
Dong nationality dage ("Grand songs"), popular in Liuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County, is called "Galao" by the Dong people. "Ga" means songs, and "lao" means big, or many people, or various sounds or old. Since "Galao" is an archaic song type which is sung by a chorus consisting of many people, it is also known as Dage.
黎平侗族大歌是在中国侗族南部方言区由民间歌队演唱的一种民间合唱音乐，主要流行于黎平县南部及与之接壤的从江县北部，包括今黎平县岩洞、口江、双江、永从、肇兴、水口、龙额及从江县往洞、谷坪、高增、贯洞、洛香等乡镇。民间习惯称这些地区为"六洞"、"九洞"。
The Liping Dong nationality dage is a kind of folk choral music sung by the Dong folk chorus in the southern dialect areas, and is mainly popular in the southern part of Liping County and the northern part of Congjiang County neighboring or covering such townships and towns as Yandong, Koujiang, Shuangjiang, Yongcong, Zhaoxing, Shuikou, Long'e of Liping County as well as Wangdong, Guping, Gaozeng, Guandong, Luoxiang of Congjiang County. Such areas are popularly known as "Liudong" and "Jiudong".
侗族大歌历史久远，早在宋代已经发展到了比较成熟的阶段，宋代著名诗人陆游在其《老学庵笔记》中就记载了"仡伶"（侗人自称）集体做客唱歌的情况。至明代，邝露在其所著《赤雅》一书中更加明确地记载了侗人"长歌闭目"的情景，这是数百年前侗族大歌演唱的重要文献。大歌一般在村寨或氏族之间集体做客的场合中演唱，是侗人文化交流和情感交流的核心内容，在某种程度上体现和传达了侗族文化的灵魂。
With a long history dating back to the ancient China, Dong nationality dage entered into a relatively mature stage as early as the Song Dynasty. Lu You, a famous poet living in the Song Dynasty, recorded in his Lao Xue An Bi Ji (or Notes of Laoxue House) the Geling (the name Dong people once called themselves) performance events wher guests and hosts sang together. In the Ming Dynasty, Kuang Lu more clearly recorded the situation of Dong people "closing their eyes to sing a long song" in his Chiya, which is the important literature describing the situation of singing the Dong nationality dage hundreds of years ago. The Dong nationality dage, which is generally sung in occasions of collective visits among villages or clans, is the core of cultural exchange and affective interaction of the Dong people, and reflects and delivers the soul of the Dong culture to some extent.
黎平侗族大歌是最具特色的中国民间音乐艺术之一，也是国际民间音乐艺苑中不可多得的一颗璀璨明珠。作为多声部民间歌曲，它在多声思维、多声形态、合唱技艺、文化内涵等方面所达到的水平均为世所罕见。侗族大歌代表性曲目有《耶老歌》、《嘎高胜》、《嘎音也》、《嘎戏》等。
The Liping Dong nationality dage is not only one of the most characteristic folk music types of China, but also a precious "bright pearl" of the international folk music types. As the multi-voice part folk song, the Dong nationality dage reaches world-wide extremely high level in terms of multi-voice thinking, multi-voice form, chorus technique, cultural connotation, etc. The representatives of the Dong nationality dage include Yelao Song, Ga Gao Sheng, Ga Yin Ye, Ga Xi, etc.
黎平侗族大歌以其独特的演唱方式和特殊的组织形式传承侗族的历史和文化。它不仅仅是一种音乐艺术，而且是侗族社会结构、婚恋关系、文化传承和精神生活的重要组成部分。它曲目众多，内容极为广泛，具有社会史、婚姻史、思想史、教育史等多方面的研究价值，是维系侗族社会生存的精神支柱。
The Liping Dong nationality dage, with a unique singing style and special stanza structure, carries the history and culture of the Dong people. It is not only a kind of musical art, but also an important component of the social structure, marriage and love relationship, cultural inheritance and spiritual life of the Dong nationality. With many a track and an extremely wide range of contents, it is of quite significance in the study of social history, marital history, history of thought, history of education, etc., being the spiritual pillar maintaining the existence of the Dong society.
广西三江侗族大歌主要流传于三江县梅林、富禄、洋溪乡沿溶江河一带的侗寨和罗城的侗族村寨。
The Sanjiang (Guangxi) Dong nationality dage mainly prevails in the Dong villages in Meilin, Fulu, Yangxi townships of Sanjiang County along the Rongjiang River and Dong villages in Luocheng.
三江大歌通常在节日里由男女歌队坐在鼓楼或围在火塘边进行对唱，以此来讲述人生哲理，传授生产生活知识。按音色，三江侗族大歌可分为男声大歌、女声大歌、童声大歌和男女混声大歌几种。按体裁，则可分为鼓楼大歌（"嘎得楼"）、声音大歌（"嘎所"）、童声大歌（"嘎腊温"）、叙事大歌（"嘎锦"和"嘎尽"）、礼俗大歌、戏曲大歌和混声大歌（"嘎世尼所"）等7种。主要歌腔有几百种，代表作品有《嘎高胜》（高山歌）、《能闷高京》（高山井水歌）、《嘎伦练》（蝉歌）、《嘎依哟》（知了歌）等。侗族没有文字，大歌全靠"桑嘎"（歌师）口头教唱，一代传一代，世代相传下来。
The Sanjiang dage is usually presented in the form of musical dialogue in antiphonal style by men and women sitting around drum towers or fireplaces to narrate the life philosophy and transmit production and living-related knowledge. In terms of tone, the Sanjiang Dong nationality dage can be classified into male voice dage, female voice dage, child's voice dage and male-female mixed voice dage. In terms of musical genre, it can be classified into such seven kinds as drum tower dage ("Gadelou"), sound dage ("Gasuo"), child's voice dage ("Galawen"), narrative dage ("Gajin(嘎锦)" and "Gajin(嘎尽)"), etiquette and custom dage, opera dage and mixed voice dage ("Gashinisuo"). With several hundred main melodies, the representative works include Ga Gao Sheng (folk song), Neng Men Gao Jing, (mountain spring song), Ga Lun Lian (sound of cicada), Ga Yi Yo (song about cicada), etc. Since the Dong Nationality has no character, inheritance of dage solely depends on oral teaching of "Sangga" (singer). Nevertheless, it is transmitted through successive generations.
大歌曲式结构独特，每首歌均由"歌头"、"歌身"和"歌尾"三部分组成。大歌的声部通常为二声部。在民间有"雄音"（高声部）、"雌音"（低声部）之称。三江侗族大歌内容丰富，品种多样，旋律优美动听，被誉为世界"最美的天籁之音"。
The musical form of dage is quite unique, and each song consists of "head", "body" and "end". Dage is often of two-voice part, which is called the "male sound" (high voice part) and "female sound" (low voice part). Featuring rich contents, diversified varieties and beautiful melodies, the Sanjiang Dong nationality dage is renowned as the "most beautiful heavenly voice" in the world.
随着改革开放和市场经济的不断发展，侗族大歌已面临着失传的危险，保护和传承侗族大歌能对侗族地区的文化建设和构建和谐社会产生重要的推动作用。
Along with the reform and opening up as well as the continuous development of market economy, the Dong nationality dage has been confronted with the crisis of extinction. Undoubtedly, to protect and preserve the Dong nationality dage will, to a significant extent, promote cultural construction and harmonious society building in the areas inhabited by the Dong people.
相关传承人：
Inheritor(s):
吴品仙 吴光祖 覃奶号 潘萨银花 吴仁和
Wu Pinxian, Wu Guangzu, Qin Naihao, Pan Sayinhua, and Wu Renhe.