The Art of Suona Horn Music 唢呐艺术

时间：2006年
Time: 2006
类别：民间音乐
Category: Folk Music
地区：河南，甘肃
Region: Henan Province, Gansu Province
编号：Ⅱ-37
Ref. No.: II-37
申报地区或单位：河南省沁阳市甘肃省庆阳市
Nominating unit[s]: Qinyang City, Henan Province; Qingyang City, Gansu Province
沁阳唢呐属木制双簧管乐器，它的特点为音量大，音质明亮、粗犷，演奏方便，善于表现热烈奔放的场面及大喜大悲的情绪。沁阳唢呐随着时代的发展而发展，近年来逐步增添了闷子、手搦（大咪）、卡腔（小咪）、管子、口哨等附属乐器，大大丰富了唢呐的表现能力及演奏内容。沁阳唢呐分高、中、低音三类，吹奏技艺十分丰富，在本地区凡遇到婚丧嫁娶、寺庙开光、开业庆典、生日祝寿等活动都要请唢呐班吹奏，以增添热闹的气氛。
Qinyang Suona is of a wooden oboe like instrument, characterized by a loud volume, clear and rough tone as well as ease-to-use, making it especially suitable for presenting warm and lively occasions and strong emotions like exultation or grief. Keeping abreast with the times, Qinyang Suona has recently incorporated such ancillary musical elements as Menzi (a unique accompaniment instrument in Henan Opera), Shounuo (or Dami), Kaqiang (or Xiaomi), Guanzi (a kind of wind instrument), Koushao (an instrument played in the mouth and cannot be seen from outside), which have substantially expanded its performance capacity and the range of repertoire it can play. Qinyang Suona can be subdivided into three categories: high-pitched voice, alto voice, and low-pitched voice. It can be played in diverse ways. In that locality, in case of wedding, funeral, consecration, business opening ceremony, birthday celebration or other events, suona troupes may be invited to play for lively atmosphere.
传说明代宗室朱载 在唢呐八音孔的基础上研制出"眼管子"，为我国民族管乐的发展作出了巨大贡献。据说他曾在九峰寺创建"金鼓会"，每逢农历九月二十三，各地的唢呐班都要在这里聚会。明末清初时有"同乐会"、"贾家班"，清至民国时有"麻金班"、"毛旦班"、"银河班"等唢呐演奏组织，在当地影响很大。沁阳一带有"大花轿，麻金吹，麻金不吹不结婚"，"闺姑女、门婿到，毛旦不吹不上轿"的俗语，正反映了这些唢呐班的影响。依照地域和技艺风格，沁阳境内的唢呐整体上可分为四大家两大派。以沁河为界，分为沁北派和沁南派；沁北派以张家、贺家、马家为代表，沁南派以贾家为代表。其繁盛之况，即此可见一斑。
It is said that Zhu Zaiyu, a royal kinsman in the Ming Dynasty, has invented "Yanguanzi" on the basis of eight-sound holes (or Bayinkong) in a souna horn, having contributed a lot to the development of China's national wind music. He was said to found "Jinguhui" (an organization studying drums and percussion instruments) in Jiufeng Temple, wher all suona troupes over the country gathered on every Sep. 23 on lunar calendar. There are such suona troupes as the "Tonglehui Troupe" and the "Jiajia Troupe" during the late Ming and the early Qing Dynasties, and the "Majin Troupe", the "Maodan Troupe", the "Yinhe Troupe", etc. during the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China, causing great influences in local area. In Qinyang Prefecture, there are old sayings as "The groom hires a red sedan to pick up the bride with the loud music played by the Majin Troupe, and the bride will not step into the sedan if there is no such music" and "The bride waits at home for her groom coming to pick her with Maodan music, and she will not step into the sedan unless the Maodan Troupe is played", reflecting the impact of those suona troupes. Suona troupes within Qinyang Prefecture include four schools in two factions in terms of their region and craft style. The two factions, bordered by Qinhe River, are Qinbei Faction represented by Zhangjia, Hejia, and Majia Schools and Qinnan Faction whose representative is Jiajia School, from which the suona's prosperity can be seen.
在四大家的影响下，沁阳境内的唢呐班社和艺人队伍规模不断增大，数量十分可观。新中国成立至20世纪80年代，沁阳的唢呐班已发展到三十多家，从事唢呐演奏的人员达四百多人，呈现出乡乡有唢呐、村村有乐声的状况。 据不完全统计，沁阳唢呐演奏的曲目达三百多首。在现当代民俗、艺术生活中，在继承传统的基础上，民间艺术家创作了一些新的具有一定代表性的曲目，如《故乡颂》、《九峰情话》、《沁阳春》。 1997年12月，沁阳市被河南省文化厅授予"河南省民间艺术之乡"荣誉称号，后又被文化部命名为"中国民间艺术之乡"。
Under the impact of the four major families, a constant growth can be seen in both the number and scale of suona troupes and artisans in Qinyang Prefecture. From the founding of new China to 1980s, there developed more than 30 suona troupes in Qinyang，with over 400 people engaged in this trade, presenting a state that people in all townships and villages played the suona. According to incomplete statistics, there are over 300 Suona works in Qinyang. In the modern and contemporary folk and art life, on the basis of the tradition inherited, the folk artists created some new and representative works such as Praise for Hometown (Gu Xiang Song), Lover's Prattle in Jiufeng (Jiu Feng Qing Hua), and Spring in Qinyang (Qin Yang Chun). In December 1997, Qinyang City was awarded as "Hometown of the Folk Art of Henan Province" by the Culture Department of Henan Province, and later it was named by the Ministry of Culture as "Hometown of Chinese Folk Art".
甘肃省庆阳市西峰区位于陕、甘、宁交界地带，是庆阳市的政治、经济、文化中心，东西与庆阳市的合水县、镇原县接壤，南北与宁县、环县、华池、庆城县毗邻。
The Xifeng region in Qingyang City, Gansu Province, an intersection of Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia Provinces, is the political, economic and cultural center of Qingyang City. It borders Heshui County in the west and Zhenyuan County in the east, adjacent to Ningxian County, Huanxian County, Huachi County, and Qingcheng County in the south and north.
庆阳西峰唢呐是以唢呐为主奏的民间吹打乐，也称鼓吹乐，经历代艺人不断加工传承至今，以其为数众多的曲牌、庞大的演奏队伍、丰富的民俗内容和浓郁的地方特色而成为我国民间音乐中一个独特的乐种。它以西峰为中心，分布在周边庆城县、环县、合水县、宁县、正宁县及镇原县部分乡镇。仅西峰区就有唢呐班社31个，从业人员286名。该乐种的表演形式有"大件"组合与"小件"组合两种。一般乐手都能掌握两件以上乐器，在人员不变的情况下可随意调动。
Qingyang Xifeng Suona music is a folk music mainly played with the suona, and it is also known as the percussion and wind music, passed down from generation to generation by previous folk artisans. It has developed into a unique music type in Chinese folk music with numerous tune names to which Qu are composed (Qupai), huge playing teams, rich folk content and strong local characteristics. Centered around Xifeng District, it is distributed in neighboring Qingcheng County, Huanxian County, Heshui County, Ningxian County, Zhengning County and some townships and towns in Zhenyuan County. In Xifeng District alone, there are 31 suona clubs and 286 people engaged in suona playing. It can be performed in the form of two combinations including "big piece" combination and "small piece" combination. The ordinary bandsmen can master more than two instruments and can be transferred randomly if the whole band is not changed.
庆阳唢呐曲牌丰富，韵味质朴，自成体系，独具风格，经普查后采录的传统乐曲有一千二百余首，编入《庆阳地区民间器乐集成》的达496首，这些曲牌按源流沿革可分为器乐化程度较高的传统曲牌、民歌变奏和地方戏曲曲牌三类，代表曲目有《披红挂花》等。
The tune names of Qingyang Suona music are various, with plain charm, complete system and unique style. based on general inspection, there are more than 1200 tune names collected and recorded, among which 496 are included in the Collections of Folk Instrumental Music in Qingyang Prefecture. These tune names can be classified as three categories - the traditional tune names with relatively high instrumental music degree, variations on folk songs, and local opera tune names. The representative works include Pi Hong Gua Hua.
庆阳唢呐的文化价值不仅表现在音乐的独特性上，而且表现在其内容的延伸上。如"跑报"就是内涵丰富的表现形式之一，它通过口传方式极大地发挥了艺人的即兴创作能力，充分显示出劳动人民的聪明才智，对继承发扬传统美德、增强社会凝聚力具有重要的作用。然而，这一独特的乐种目前却处于严重的濒危状态，采取相应的抢救保护措施已刻不容缓。
The cultural value of Qingyang Suona is manifested by its uniqueness and extending contents. "Paobao", for example, is one of the forms of expression of rich contents, and it has greatly improved artisans' improvising ability by way of oral instruction, having fully demonstrated working people's wisdom, and having played an important role in carrying on and developing Chinese traditional virtue and enhancing social cohesion. Nevertheless, this unique music type is seriously endangered, so it is imperative to adopt corresponding rescue and protective measures.
相关传承人：
Inheritor(s):
贺德义 李金海 姚少林 卢补良 牛其云 刘有生
He Deyi, Li Jinhai, Yao Shaolin, Lu Buliang, Niu Qiyun, and Liu Yousheng