Lishui Boatmen Haozi (labor songs) 澧水船工号子

时间：2006年
Time: 2006
类别：民间音乐
Category: Folk Music
地区：湖南
Region: Hunan province
编号：Ⅱ-33
Ref. No.: Ⅱ-33
申报地区或单位：湖南省澧县
Nominating unit [s]: Li county, Hunan province
澧县位于湖南北部、洞庭湖的西缘。这里是湘西北重镇，有"九澧门户"之称，明清时代成为重要的商埠码头，是整个湘西北物资进出的集散中心。由于特殊的地理环境，这里的长途运输只能靠水路船运，澧县境内的澧水、涔水、道河沿岸的劳动人民大多以行船运货为生，船舶近千，桅杆林立，船工不足一万也有八千，每只大型木船的纤夫不少于二十人。在逆水行船拉纤的过程中，为了集中力量，振奋精神，统一步调，自然而然出现了一种由地方小调转化成的独特的劳动号子，这就是澧水船工号子。
Li County is located in the north of Hunan province, to the west of Dongting Lake. It is an important county in the northwest part of Hunan province, as it is a transportation hub called Jiuli Gate. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, it became a key trading port terminal, being the center for the entrance and exit of goods and materials for the whole northwest region of Hunan province. Due to the special geographical environment, long-distance transportation here is reliant on the water ways. Labor men along the Lihe River, Cenghe River and other rivers earn their living by carrying goods. There are hundreds of boats and thousands of boatmen. On each huge wooden boat, there are no less than twenty boatmen. While these boatmen are towing the boat against the current, they together sing a kind of local folk song in order to lighten the spirit and unify their action. This kind of folk song is known as the Lishui boatmen haozi.
澧水船工号子以反映船工们苦难生活和劳动场面为主题，没有固定的唱本和唱词，也不需要专门从师，全凭先辈口授，代代相传这些号子大多因时因地因人即兴而起，脱口而出，虽然比较通俗，但豪气冲天，充满了艺术魅力。其句式分七字、五字两种，一般是由一人领唱，众人合唱，气势磅礴，浑厚有力。另外，也有专门唱给船老板和旁观者听的号子，如"高山乌云即刻到，拉纤好比过天桥。泥烂路滑难行走，汗水雨水流成槽"，"风儿吹来河儿弯，情哥搭信要鞋穿"等等。由于地域不同，澧水船工号子可分为上河腔和下河腔两种。上河腔在石门以上、桑植以下的区间唱。由于这里山高水急，河面狭窄，滩头礁石较多，行船运货十分艰险，故船工号子高亢有力、节奏明快、衬词多于唱词、富有大无畏的战斗精神。该类船号以摇橹数板为主。
Lishui boatmen haozi aims to reflect the hard life of the boatmen and their working situation. Without specialized scripts, fixed lines, and teachers, it is handed down orally from generation to generation. It is sung by whoever at any place any time extemporaneously, and it is easy to understand and is full of heroic artistic charm. Its lines can be divided into seven-characters and five-characters. It is led by one and accompanied by many, powerful and magnificent. In addition, there are special pieces for the owners of the boats or the passers-by. For example, "Clouds are coming over the mountain, and towing the boat is like passing the over-bridge. The muddy roads are hard to walk on and sweats are falling heavily like rain" and "Breeze is blowing at the bend of the river and love brother is sending a message for bringing their shoes". It can be divided into Upstream Tunes (Shanghe Qiang) and Downstream Tunes (Xiahe Qiang), and the former is usually sung between Shimen and Sangzhi. Generally the hills here are high and the water here is whitewater, the river is narrow, there are more rocks, and boats can hardly pass through. As such haozi sung by the boatmen is powerful and resounding, quick in rhythm and more in auxiliary words, showing the braveness of the boatmen. And the content of such haozi is mainly about paddle swing and its counting.
澧水船工号子原随商船的产生而形成，又随商船的发展而发展，随木板商船的消失而濒危。改革开放以来，交通事业突飞猛进，汽车、火车运输取代了澧水流域的水上运输，百分之九十的船民早已改行，另谋生路，船工拉纤已成陈迹。老一辈的船工也因年事已高，相继离世，在此情形下，曾经名扬中外的古老的澧水船工号子正濒临着失传的危险。
Lishui boatmen haozi started, developed and declined right along with the business of wooden boat based transportation. Since the reform and opening up, the transportation industry has witnessed very fast development, and motor cars and trains have taken place of the water transportation in the Lishui River areas. As such over ninety percent of the boatmen stopped towing and took up other business. Meanwhile older boatmen are gradually passing away, so the once world-famous Lishui boatmen haozi is facing the risk of extinction.