Gaomi New Year Prints 高密扑灰年画

时间：2006年
Time: 2006
类别：民间美术
Category: Folk Art
地区：山东
Region: Shandong Province
编号：Ⅶ-6
Ref. No.: Ⅶ-6
申报地区或单位：山东省高密市
Nominating unit[s]: Gaomi city, Shandong Province
山东省高密市姜庄的扑灰年画亦称"民间写意画"，作画时先用柳枝烧制的炭条打好草稿，然后用毛笔勾描，再用白纸拓印，一稿可拓扑多张，"扑灰"由此得名。扑灰后的画稿还要加以手绘，经多道工序后才能成画。
Jiangzhuang Town, Gaomi City, Shandong Province, is famous for its New Year prints, which are also known as the "folk freehand". To produce a New Year print, a draft must first be drawn with willow charcoal, then traced all over again with a writing brush before it is rubbed on a number of white papers. This process is called "Puhui", as a copy can be used for many prints. The rubbing still needs to be touched up by hand-drawing and undergo many other processes before transforming into the finished piece.
扑灰年画相传形成于明代成化年间，初时一些民间画工临摹庙宇壁画出售，因为临摹需要大量底稿，故在传统民间壁画底稿"扑粉"拓印法的基础上形成了"扑灰"拓印法。"扑粉"和"扑灰"最大的差别并不在于材料的运用，而在于"扑粉"是使用现成的粉本（即样本），而"扑灰"则需要先对原作加以临摹。"扑粉"是直接印制，用一次印一次，"扑灰"是一次摹仿多次印制。因为有了临摹这一程序，故扑灰年画在发展过程中极善于吸收各种绘画因素和造型风格，以适应人们的审美趣味。清初扑灰年画吸收了文人画的艺术因素，嘉庆年间又对天津杨柳青、潍县杨家埠两种木版年画的技术进行了吸收与改造，逐渐形成具有浓郁地方风格的年画派系。咸丰年间高密涌现出一大批年画制手，出现了"老抹画"、"红货"两个主要流派。
It is said that the Gaomi New Year prints were invented during the reign of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty. Initially, some folk painters copied pictures that were in the temple for sale. To meet the huge demand for original copies, the "Puhui" rubbing method was created on the basis of the traditional "Pufen" rubbing method designed for copying frescos. The biggest difference between "Pufen" and "Puhui" is not the material they use, but lies in the fact that a ready-made Fenben (i.e. a sample) is used for "Pufen", while a copy of the original work is required for "Puhui". For "Pufen", a sample can be directly used for printing, but only once, while for "Puhui", a copy can be used for many prints. Thanks to the copying process, Gaomi New Year prints are more flexible, and thus various painting elements and styles can be used, so as to better meet people's aesthetic tastes. The Gaomi New Year prints drew on artistic elements of the literati painting in the early Qing Dynasty, and adopted and refined the crafts of Tianjin Yangliuqing New Year wood-block prints and Weixian Yangjiabu New Year wood-block prints during the reign of Jiaqing, evolving into a unique New Year print genre with strong local features. During the reign of Xianfeng, large numbers of New Year prints craftsmen gathered in Gaomi, forming "Laomohua" and "Honghuo", the two main schools.
扑灰年画的制作特点使其无法脱离传统的手工扑拓、绘制技艺，由此造成制作周期长、工艺讲究、产量有限的特点，这样扑灰年画便无法与制版印刷的新年画技术竞争市场，至光绪年间整个行业开始衰落。时至今日，扑灰年画技艺在高密地区的传承已是后继无人。作为一个独特的年画品种，反映了社会文化和风土人情，保存了中国民间绘画的传统技能，有必要对之进行抢救和挖掘。
The production characteristics of Gaomi New Year prints make it impossible to abandon the traditional manual rubbing and drawing skills, which has resulted in a long production cycle, supplicated processes and limited production. All of these factors have added to the disadvantages of Gaomi New Year prints when competing with new paintings produced with graphic arts technologies. During the reign of Emperor Guangxu, the whole industry of Gaomi New Year prints began to decline. Today, few inheritors of this unique art can be found in Gaomi. As a unique school, Gaomi New Year prints have reflected the social culture and local customs, and preserved traditional Chinese folk painting skills. As such, the rescue and reinvigoration of the Gaomi New Year prints is extremely valuable, and should be undertaken by any means available.