Shiwu狮舞

时间：2006年
Time: 2006
类别：民间舞蹈
Category: Folk Dance
地区：河北，山西，浙江，广东
Region: Hebei Province, Shanxi Province, Zhejiang Province, Guangdong Province
编号：Ⅲ-5
Ref. No.: Ⅲ-5
狮舞，又称“狮子舞”、“狮灯”、“舞狮”、“舞狮子”，多在年节和喜庆活动中表演。狮子在中华各族人民心目中为瑞兽，象征着吉祥如意，从而在舞狮活动中寄托着民众消灾除害、求吉纳福的美好意愿。狮舞历史久远，《汉书-礼乐志》中记载的“象人”便是狮舞的前身；唐宋诗文中多有对狮舞的生动描写。现存狮舞分为南狮、北狮两大类，南狮具有较多的武功高难技巧，神态矫健凶猛；北狮娇憨可爱，多以嬉戏玩耍为表演内容；根据狮子假型制作材料和扎制方法的不同，各地的狮舞种类繁多，异彩纷呈。
Shiwu (Lion Dance), also called “Shiziwu”, “Shideng”, “Wushi” or “Wushizi”, is often performed during festival and celebrations. The lion is an auspicious beast which symbolizes good luck and happiness; therefore, people express their good wishes to avoid ill fortune and have good luck with lion dance. Shiwu has a long history: the “elephant man” recorded in Han Shu (The History of the Former Han Dynasty) - Annal of Rites & Music is the predecessor of Shiwu; there are also many vivid descriptions about Shiwu in poems and proses of the Tang and Song dynasties. The existing Shiwu is divided into the South Shiwu and the North Shiwu, with the former mainly featuring martial arts moves and superb techniques as well as vigorous and fierce lion images; and the latter featuring innocent and cute lion images and playful movements. According to materials selecion and the creation of lion images, there are many diversified forms of Shiwu in various places.
狮舞•徐水舞狮
Shiwu•Xushui wushi
申报地区或单位：河北省徐水县
Nominating unit[s]: Xushui County, Hebei Province
河北是北狮的发祥地。徐水县北里村狮子会创建于1925年，以民间花会形式存在，中华人民共和国成立后得以迅速发展。
Hebei is the cradle of the North Shiwu. The Shizi Society in Beili Village of Xushui County was founded in 1925 existing in a form of folk performance gathering. It has developed rapidly since the foundation of the People’s Republic of China.
徐水舞狮的活动时间主要在春节和春季寺庙法会期间，表演时由两人前后配合，前者双手执道具戴在头上扮演狮头，后者俯身双手抓住前者腰部，披上用牛毛缀成的狮皮饰盖扮演狮身，两人合作扮成一只大狮子，称太狮；另由一人头戴狮头面具，身披狮皮扮演小狮子，称少狮；手持绣球逗引狮子的人称引狮郎。引狮郎在整个舞狮活动中具有重要作用，他不但要有英雄气概，还要有良好的武功，能表演“前空翻过狮子”、“后空翻上高桌”、“云里翻下梅花桩”等动作。引狮郎与狮子默契配合，形成北方舞狮的一个重要特征。徐水舞狮的基本特征是外形夸张，狮头圆大，眼睛灵动，大嘴张合有度，既威武雄壮，又憨态可掬，表演时能模仿真狮子的看、站、走、跑、跳、滚、睡、抖毛等动作，形态逼真，还能展示“耍长凳”、“梅花桩”、“跳桩”、“隔桩跳”、“亮搬造型”、“360度拧弯”、“独立单桩跳”、“前空翻二级下桩”、“后空翻下桩”等高难度技巧。
Xushui Wushi is usually performed during the spring festival and religious ceremonies at temples in spring. It is performed with the cooperation of two persons, with the one in the front holding the prop on the head to play the lion head and the person in the rear bending at the waist, holding the waist of the one in the front and wearing the lion skin made of cow hair to play the lion body; the two together form a big lion called Tai Shi; another person wears a lion head mask and lion skin to play the small lion called Shao Shi; the person who holds the silk ball to tickle the lion is called the Yinshilang (the one attracting the lion). Yinshilang plays an important role in lion dance: he should not only be heroic, but also accomplished in martial arts so as to perform movements like “forward somersaults in the air over the lion”, “backward somersaults in the air over the tall table” and “somersaults off the staggered pilings”, etc. The perfect cooperation between the Yinshilang and the "lion" is an important feature of the North wushi. One basic feature of Xushui Wushi is the exaggerated image of the lion. With a large and round head, dynamic eyes and proper opening and closing of the mouth, it looks both mighty and ignorant. During the performance, the performers can simulate movements of the lion, such as watching, standing, walking, running, jumping, rolling, sleeping and shaking the hair etc, which are quite lifelike; they can also perform difficult skills like “playing the bench”, “walking on staggered pilings”, “jumping onto the pilings”, “jumping over a piling”, “liangban posing”, “twisting 360°”, “single-leg jumping on a piling”, “forward somersault off the piling in two stages” and “backward somersault off the piling” etc.
徐水舞狮在中国民间艺术表演中占有重要地位，1953年，曾到首都北京参加全国民间艺术汇演，并代表国家多次出访演出。曾在罗马尼亚首都布加勒斯特举行的“第四届世界青年联欢节”的比赛中获一等奖。河北省杂技家协会于2001年10月正式命名北里村为“杂技舞狮之乡”。目前，由于舞狮道具昂贵、培养新人不易等原因，徐水舞狮面临传承危机，亟待有关部门加以抢救、扶持。
Xushui Wushi occupies an important position in China’s folk performing arts; it participated in the National Joint Performance of Folk Arts in Beijing in 1953 and has been performed in many countries. It won the first prize at the “4th World Youth Festival” in Bucharest, capital of Romania. Beili Village was officially named the “Town of Acrobatic Wushi” by the Hebei Association of Acrobats in October 2001. Today, due to relatively high cost of props and difficulty in cultivating new performers, Xushui Wushi is facing an inheritance crisis and needs the support and protection of relevant authorities.
狮舞•天塔狮舞
Shiwu•Tianta shiwu
申报地区或单位：山西省襄汾县
Nominating unit[s]: Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province
山西襄汾其陶寺的狮舞始于隋唐时期，历经宋元明清，经久不衰，被称为“天塔狮舞”。
The Shiwu of Qitao Temple in Xiangfen, Shanxi Province, which is called “Tianta Shiwu”, originated in the Sui and Tang Dynasty, and was actively practiced throughout the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.
天塔狮舞具有惊、险、奇、绝、美的艺术特征。塔台高高耸立，动作大起大落，令人惊叹；表演过程内含科学的力学原理，再加上安全的保护措施，看上去险实则无险；狮子眼、舌、尾活动自如，能做出口吐条幅之类的表演，使人感到稀奇；天塔狮舞在力量中融入技巧，特技中渗透文化，堪称一绝；这种高台表演，空中造型优美，显示出动人的魅力。
Tianta Shiwu features amazing, breathtaking, fanciful, unique and graceful movements. The towering platform and ups and downs of actions are amazing; the performance incorporates laws of mechanics and is executed with a complete set of safety protection measures, so there’s actually no risk even though at times it may appear so; the eyes, tongue and tail of the lion can move flexibly to achieve fanciful effects like spitting the banner; Tianta Shiwu uniquely integrates skills with power and techniques with culture; and the performance on the tall platform is graceful and charming.
天塔狮舞具有独特的表演形式和高超的绝技。天塔狮舞曾获中国第七届艺术节优秀奖，山西省第一届及第三届广场文化节金奖。当前，抢救、保护、研究狮舞，对美学、民俗学及音乐舞蹈史的研究都有很重要的意义。
Tianta Shiwu features a unique performance form and superb skills. It won the Award of Excellence at the 7th China Arts Festival and the Gold Award at the 1st and 3rd Square Culture Festival in Shanxi Province. Today, the rescue, conservation and research of Shiwu have important connotations for the study of aesthetics, folklore as well as the history of music and dance.

狮舞•黄沙狮子
Shiwu•Huangsha shizi
申报地区或单位：浙江省临海市
Nominating unit[s]: Linhai City, Zhejiang Province
“黄沙狮子”始创于北宋年间，主要活动于浙江临海市西北山区白水洋镇的黄沙洋一带。此地民风剽悍，朴茂近古，崇尚习武，且舞狮风俗由来已久。
“Huangsha Shizi” originated in the Northern Song Dynasty and is practiced around Huangshayang in Baishuiyang Town in the mountainous area to the northwest of Linhai City, Zhejiang Province, wher the people are brave and tough and worship ancient traditions and martial arts, and the custom of lion dance has long been observed.
这项传统表演艺术的最大特点是把民间精湛武艺与传统舞狮表演巧妙地结合起来，舞武一体。它不但能在地上翻滚嬉戏，又能在高台上表演各种风趣的动作。表演时，演员在八仙桌上翻飞的同时，还兼耍“过堂”、“桌上筋斗”、“下爬点”、“悬桌脚”、“叠罗汉”等翻桌动作。跳桌是整个表演中难度较高的，四十几张桌子呈梯形相叠，跳桌到最高时，由九重桌子堆叠起来约有三丈二尺高，一个“绝”字就落在最高的第九重桌子的四只脚上——桌脚朝天，一个艺人就在这四只桌脚上跨步移动，脱鞋脱袜，尽显绝技。
The most unique feature of this traditional performing art is the integration of masterful martial arts with traditional lion dance performances in a tactful way. The lion not only rolls and plays on the ground, but also performs various amusing moves on the high platform. During the performance, the performers can complete moves like “Guo Tang”, “somersault on the table”, “Xiapadian”, “standing on table legs” and the “human pyramid” etc while jumping on the square tables. Jumping up the table hill is the most difficult performance: over 40 tables are stacked in a trapezoid, when the lion jumps onto the highest table, the table hill consisting of nine layers of tables is about 10 meters, and the most breathtaking point occurs when the performer moves on the four legs of the table on the top layer, upside down, while performing difficult skills like taking off shoes and socks and striding.
黄沙狮子舞武一体，娱神娱人，刚柔相济，具有独特的地方文化特征，寄托着民众美好的期盼，从大年三十开始到二月初二这一段时间，艺人们要走村串乡地去表演。黄沙狮子的中心区域黄沙洋及其传播地的百姓们祈望风调雨顺、五谷丰登、人财两旺、吉庆平安，都祈盼舞狮为他们赐吉祥，消灾降福，热热闹闹地度过节庆。
Integrating dance with martial arts, toughness with gentleness and featuring unique local cultural characteristics, Huangsha Shiwu amuses people’s hearts and souls and bears people's good wishes; the artists perform in different villages during the period from lunar New Year’s Eve to the 2nd day of the 2nd lunar year. People living in Huangshayang, the central area of Huangsha Shizi, and places wher Huangsha Shizi is practiced, pray for a favorable climate, good harvest, health and wealth as well as good luck and peace. They expect Shiwu activities to bring them auspicious omens, remove ill fortune and provide a wonderful festival experience.
黄沙狮子在民俗学、社会学、美学、人类学等方面具有研究价值。随着中国东部沿海地区经济的迅猛发展，传统社会的审美观念和文化生活方式发生的变异，如今健在的能够表演黄沙狮子的老艺人不到10人，这种极具观赏性的传统民间舞蹈形式面临断代和失传危机。
Huangsha Shizi has significant research value, in areas such as folklore, sociology, aesthetics and anthropology etc. With the rapid economic development in the eastern coastal areas of China, traditional aesthetic concepts as well as culture and lifestyle have changed, and as a result, there are less than 10 artists who can perform Huangsha Shizi today. This entertaining traditional folk dance is in danger of being lost.
狮舞•广东醒狮
Shiwu•Guangdong xingshi
申报地区或单位：广东省佛山市、遂溪县、广州市
Nominating unit[s]: Foshan City, Suixi County and Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province
醒狮，属于中国狮舞中的南狮。历史上由唐代宫廷狮子舞脱胎而来，五代十国之后，随着中原移民的南迁，舞狮文化传入岭南地区。明代时，醒狮在广东出现，起源于南海县。现流传于广东、广西及东南亚各国华侨中间；在广东境内主要分布在佛山、遂溪、广州等县市。
Xingshi belongs to the South Shiwu of China. It was derived from the palace lion dance in the Tang Dynasty, and after the period of five dynasties and ten states, the Wushi culture was introduced to the Lingnan area (south of the Five Ridges) with the southward migration of immigrants from central China. In the Ming Dynasty, Xingshi originated in Nanhai County, Guangdong Province. Now, it has been passed on to areas in Guangdong, Guangxi and overseas Chinese in Southeast Asian countries. In Guangdong Province, it is mainly distributed in Foshan City, Suixi County and Guangzhou City, etc.
醒狮是融武术、舞蹈、音乐等为一体的文化活动。表演时，锣鼓擂响，舞狮人先打一阵南拳，这称为“开桩”，然后由两人扮演一头狮子耍舞，另一人头戴笑面“大头佛”，手执大葵扇引狮登场。舞狮人动作多以南拳马步为主，狮子动作有“睁眼”、“洗须”、“舔身”、“抖毛”等。主要套路有“采青”、“高台饮水”、“狮子吐球”、“踩梅花桩”等。其中“采青”是醒狮的精髓，有起、承、转、合等过程，具戏剧性和故事性。“采青”历经变化，派生出多种套路，广泛流传。遂溪醒狮在表演上从传统的地狮逐步发展到凳狮，由凳狮又发展到高台狮、高竿狮，由高竿狮又发展到桩狮。桩狮的难度也在不断增大，如增加了走钢丝、腾空跳等表演类。最高的桩接近3米，跨度最大达3.7米，充分体现了“新、高、难、险”的特色，被誉为“中华一绝”。广州市的沙坑醒狮的道具造型特点是：狮头额高而窄，眼大而能转动，口阔带笔，背宽、鼻塌、面颊饱满，牙齿能隐能露。表演分文狮、舞狮和少狮三大类。通过在地面或桩阵上腾、挪、闪、扑、回旋、飞跃等高难度动作演绎狮子喜、怒、哀、乐、动、静、惊、疑八态，表现狮子的威猛与刚劲。
Xingshi is a cultural activity integrating martial arts, dance and music. At the beginning of the performance, gongs and drums are beaten. The lion player then performs Nan Quan (a kind of martial art in South China), a performance which is known as “Kaizhuang”; as two performers imitate a lion and dance, another performer wears the smiling “Datoufo” (big-headed Buddha) and holds a big cattail leaf fan to introduce the lion. The lion player mainly performs the horse stance of the Nan Quan, and the lion mainly performs “opening the eyes”, “washing the whisker”, “lapping the body” or “shaking the hair”, etc. The main movements include “Cai Qing”, “drinking water on the tall platform”, “spitting the ball” and “stamping on the staggered pilings”, etc. “Cai Qing”, as the essence of Xingshi, is dramatic and consists of different processes like introduction, elucidation, transition and summing up. Through years of transformation, numerous sets of skills for “Cai Qing” have emerged and become popularized. Suixi Xingshi has developed from the traditional ground lion dance into the bench lion dance, and then to the high-platform lion dance and tall-pole lion dance, and then to the piling lion dance. The difficulty of piling lion dance has increased, for example, skills like ropewalking and flips have been introduced. The tallest piling is as high as 3 meters and the largest span is 3.7 meters, which sufficiently represents the features of “novel, tall, difficult and breathtaking” and is honored as a “unique skill of China”. The lion props of Shakeng Xingshi of Guangzhou City feature: high and narrow foreheads, large and movable eyes, wide mouths with a brush, broad backs, low noses, full cheeks and teeth that can be shown and hidden. The performance is divided into the Wenshi (gentle lion), Wushi (martial lion) and Shaoshi (young lion). The pleasure, anger, sorrow, joy, stillness, movement, surprise and suspicion of the lion are represented through flipping, moving, dodging, pouncing, whirling or jumping on the ground or pilings to show the mightiness and strength of the lion.
自古以来，广东醒狮被认为是驱邪避害的吉祥瑞物，每逢节庆，或有重大活动，必有醒狮助兴，长盛不衰，历代相传。
Since ancient times, Guangdong Xingshi has been regarded as an auspicious performance for warding off ill fortune and evil. It has become an indispensable performance at every festival or major event, and is passed down from generation to generation.
20世纪80年代以来，几乎乡乡都有自己的醒狮队，一年四季，开张庆典锣鼓声不断，逢年过节，狮队便上街采青、巡演。各镇、乡村群众性的狮艺普及也盛况空前。广东醒狮已成为全国知名的为广东特有的民间舞品牌。醒狮活动也广泛流传于海外华人社区，成为海外同胞认祖归宗的文化桥梁，其文化价值和意义十分深远。
Since the 1980s, almost every township has formed its own Xingshi Troupe. During festivals in all four seasons, Xingshi troupes go into the street to perform Cai Qing and other movements. The popularization of Xingshi art in different towns and villages has flourished in an unprecedented manner. Guangdong Xingshi is a unique folk dance of Guangdong that is well-known nationwide. Xingshi is also popular in overseas Chinese communities around the world and has acted as a cultural bridge for overseas Chinese to rediscover ties with their ancestors. For these reasons, Xingshi has profound cultural value and meaning.
相关传承人：
Inheritor(s):
王利忠 李登山 王曰友 李荣仔 李大志 王建文 尹少山
Wang Lizhong, Li Dengshan, Wang Yueyou, Li Yongzi, Li Dazhi, Wang Jianwen and Yin Shaoshan